中華人民共和國國務(wù)院新聞辦公室

目錄

前言

一、新形勢、新挑戰(zhàn)、新使命

二、武裝力量建設(shè)與發(fā)展

三、捍衛(wèi)國家主權(quán)、安全、領(lǐng)土完整

四、保障國家經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展

五、維護(hù)世界和平和地區(qū)穩(wěn)定

結(jié)束語

附錄

Editor's note: The following is the full text of a white paper on China's armed forces published by the Information Office of the State Council, China's cabinet, on Tuesday and released by Xinhua News Agency.

前言

當(dāng)今時(shí)代，和平與發(fā)展面臨新的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)。緊緊把握機(jī)遇，共同應(yīng)對挑戰(zhàn)，合作維護(hù)安全，攜手實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)展，是時(shí)代賦予各國人民的歷史使命。

走和平發(fā)展道路，是中國堅(jiān)定不移的國家意志和戰(zhàn)略抉擇。中國始終不渝奉行獨(dú)立自主的和平外交政策和防御性國防政策，反對各種形式的霸權(quán)主義和強(qiáng)權(quán)政治，不干涉別國內(nèi)政，永遠(yuǎn)不爭霸，永遠(yuǎn)不稱霸，永遠(yuǎn)不搞軍事擴(kuò)張。中國倡導(dǎo)互信、互利、平等、協(xié)作的新安全觀，尋求實(shí)現(xiàn)綜合安全、共同安全、合作安全。

建設(shè)與中國國際地位相稱、與國家安全和發(fā)展利益相適應(yīng)的鞏固國防和強(qiáng)大軍隊(duì)，是中國現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的戰(zhàn)略任務(wù)，也是中國實(shí)現(xiàn)和平發(fā)展的堅(jiān)強(qiáng)保障。中國武裝力量適應(yīng)國家發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和安全戰(zhàn)略的新要求，堅(jiān)持科學(xué)發(fā)展觀的指導(dǎo)思想地位，加快轉(zhuǎn)變戰(zhàn)斗力生成模式，構(gòu)建中國特色現(xiàn)代軍事力量體系，與時(shí)俱進(jìn)加強(qiáng)軍事戰(zhàn)略指導(dǎo)，拓展武裝力量運(yùn)用方式，為國家發(fā)展提供安全保障和戰(zhàn)略支撐，為維護(hù)世界和平和地區(qū)穩(wěn)定作出應(yīng)有貢獻(xiàn)。

Preface

In today's world, peace and development are facing new opportunities and challenges. It is a historic mission entrusted by the era to people of all nations to firmly grasp the opportunities, jointly meet the challenges, cooperatively maintain security and collectively achieve development.

It is China's unshakable national commitment and strategic choice to take the road of peaceful development. China unswervingly pursues an independent foreign policy of peace and a national defense policy that is defensive in nature. China opposes any form of hegemonism or power politics, and does not interfere in the internal affairs of other countries. China will never seek hegemony or behave in a hegemonic manner, nor will it engage in military expansion. China advocates a new security concept featuring mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and coordination, and pursues comprehensive security, common security and cooperative security.

It is a strategic task of China's modernization drive as well as a strong guarantee for China's peaceful development to build a strong national defense and powerful armed forces which are commensurate with China's international standing and meet the needs of its security and development interests. China's armed forces act to meet the new requirements of China's national development and security strategies, follow the theoretical guidance of the Scientific Outlook on Development, speed up the transformation of the generating mode of combat effectiveness, build a system of modern military forces with Chinese characteristics, enhance military strategic guidance and diversify the ways of employing armed forces as the times require. China's armed forces provide security guarantee and strategic support for national development, and make due contributions to the maintenance of world peace and regional stability.

一、新形勢、新挑戰(zhàn)、新使命

I. New Situation, New Challenges and New Missions

新世紀(jì)以來，世界發(fā)生深刻復(fù)雜變化，和平與發(fā)展仍然是時(shí)代主題。經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化、世界多極化深入發(fā)展，文化多樣化、社會信息化持續(xù)推進(jìn)，國際力量對比朝著有利于維護(hù)世界和平方向發(fā)展，國際形勢保持總體和平穩(wěn)定的基本態(tài)勢。與此同時(shí)，世界仍然很不安寧，霸權(quán)主義、強(qiáng)權(quán)政治和新干涉主義有所上升，局部動(dòng)蕩頻繁發(fā)生，熱點(diǎn)問題此起彼伏，傳統(tǒng)與非傳統(tǒng)安全挑戰(zhàn)交織互動(dòng)，國際軍事領(lǐng)域競爭更趨激烈，國際安全問題的突發(fā)性、關(guān)聯(lián)性、綜合性明顯上升。亞太地區(qū)日益成為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和大國戰(zhàn)略博弈的重要舞臺，美國調(diào)整亞太安全戰(zhàn)略，地區(qū)格局深刻調(diào)整。

Since the beginning of the new century, profound and complex changes have taken place in the world, but peace and development remain the underlying trends of our times. The global trends toward economic globalization and multi-polarity are intensifying, cultural diversity is increasing, and an information society is fast emerging. The balance of international forces is shifting in favor of maintaining world peace, and on the whole the international situation remains peaceful and stable. Meanwhile, however, the world is still far from being tranquil. There are signs of increasing hegemonism, power politics and neo-interventionism. Local turmoils occur frequently. Hot-spot issues keep cropping up. Traditional and non-traditional security challenges interweave and interact. Competition is intensifying in the international military field. International security issues are growing noticeably more abrupt, interrelated and comprehensive. The Asia-Pacific region has become an increasingly significant stage for world economic development and strategic interaction between major powers. The US is adjusting its Asia-Pacific security strategy, and the regional landscape is undergoing profound changes.

中國緊緊抓住和用好發(fā)展的重要戰(zhàn)略機(jī)遇期，現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)成就舉世矚目，綜合國力大幅躍升，人民生活顯著改善，社會大局保持穩(wěn)定，兩岸關(guān)系繼續(xù)呈現(xiàn)和平發(fā)展勢頭，國際競爭力和影響力不斷提高。但是，中國仍面臨多元復(fù)雜的安全威脅和挑戰(zhàn)，生存安全問題和發(fā)展安全問題、傳統(tǒng)安全威脅和非傳統(tǒng)安全威脅相互交織，維護(hù)國家統(tǒng)一、維護(hù)領(lǐng)土完整、維護(hù)發(fā)展利益的任務(wù)艱巨繁重。有的國家深化亞太軍事同盟，擴(kuò)大軍事存在，頻繁制造地區(qū)緊張局勢。個(gè)別鄰國在涉及中國領(lǐng)土主權(quán)和海洋權(quán)益上采取使問題復(fù)雜化、擴(kuò)大化的舉動(dòng)，日本在釣魚島問題上制造事端�？植乐髁x、分裂主義、極端主義“三股勢力”威脅上升。“臺獨(dú)”分裂勢力及其分裂活動(dòng)仍然是兩岸關(guān)系和平發(fā)展的最大威脅。重大自然災(zāi)害、安全事故和公共衛(wèi)生事件頻發(fā)，影響社會和諧穩(wěn)定的因素增加，國家海外利益安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)上升。機(jī)械化戰(zhàn)爭形態(tài)向信息化戰(zhàn)爭形態(tài)加速演變，主要國家大力發(fā)展軍事高新技術(shù)，搶占太空、網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間等國際競爭戰(zhàn)略制高點(diǎn)。

China has seized and made the most of this important period of strategic opportunities for its development, and its modernization achievements have captured world attention. China's overall national strength has grown dramatically and the Chinese people's lives have been remarkably improved. China enjoys general social stability and cross-Straits relations are sustaining a momentum of peaceful development. China's international competitiveness and influence are steadily increasing. However, China still faces multiple and complicated security threats and challenges. The issues of subsistence and development security and the traditional and non-traditional threats to security are interwoven. Therefore, China has an arduous task to safeguard its national unification, territorial integrity and development interests.

Some country has strengthened its Asia-Pacific military alliances, expanded its military presence in the region, and frequently makes the situation there tenser. On the issues concerning China's territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests, some neighboring countries are taking actions that complicate or exacerbate the situation, and Japan is making trouble over the issue of the Diaoyu Islands. The threats posed by "three forces," namely, terrorism, separatism and extremism, are on the rise. The "Taiwan independence" separatist forces and their activities are still the biggest threat to the peaceful development of cross-Straits relations. Serious natural disasters, security accidents and public health incidents keep occurring. Factors affecting social harmony and stability are growing in number, and the security risks to China's overseas interests are on the increase. Changes in the form of war from mechanization to informationization are accelerating. Major powers are vigorously developing new and more sophisticated military technologies so as to ensure that they can maintain strategic superiorities in international competition in such areas as outer space and cyber space.

面對復(fù)雜多變的安全環(huán)境，人民解放軍堅(jiān)決履行新世紀(jì)新階段歷史使命，拓展國家安全戰(zhàn)略和軍事戰(zhàn)略視野，立足打贏信息化條件下局部戰(zhàn)爭，積極運(yùn)籌和平時(shí)期武裝力量運(yùn)用，有效應(yīng)對多種安全威脅，完成多樣化軍事任務(wù)。

Facing a complex and volatile security situation, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) resolutely carries out its historical missions for the new stage in the new century. China's armed forces broaden their visions of national security strategy and military strategy, aim at winning local wars under the conditions of informationization, make active planning for the use of armed forces in peacetime, deal effectively with various security threats and accomplish diversified military tasks.

中國武裝力量的多樣化運(yùn)用，堅(jiān)持以下基本政策和原則：

The diversified employment of China's armed forces adheres to fundamental policies and principles as follows:

——維護(hù)國家主權(quán)、安全、領(lǐng)土完整，保障國家和平發(fā)展。這是中國加強(qiáng)國防建設(shè)的目的，也是憲法和法律賦予中國武裝力量的神圣職責(zé)。堅(jiān)定不移實(shí)行積極防御軍事戰(zhàn)略，防備和抵抗侵略，遏制分裂勢力，保衛(wèi)邊防、海防、空防安全，維護(hù)國家海洋權(quán)益和在太空、網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間的安全利益。堅(jiān)持“人不犯我，我不犯人，人若犯我，我必犯人”，堅(jiān)決采取一切必要措施維護(hù)國家主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整。

Safeguarding national sovereignty, security and territorial integrity, and supporting the country's peaceful development. This is the goal of China's efforts in strengthening its national defense and the sacred mission of its armed forces, as stipulated in the Constitution of the People's Republic of China and other relevant laws. China's armed forces unswervingly implement the military strategy of active defense, guard against and resist aggression, contain separatist forces, safeguard border, coastal and territorial air security, and protect national maritime rights and interests and national security interests in outer space and cyberspace. "We will not attack unless we are attacked; but we will surely counterattack if attacked." Following this principle, China will resolutely take all necessary measures to safeguard its national sovereignty and territorial integrity.

——立足打贏信息化條件下局部戰(zhàn)爭，拓展和深化軍事斗爭準(zhǔn)備。堅(jiān)定不移把軍事斗爭準(zhǔn)備基點(diǎn)放在打贏信息化條件下局部戰(zhàn)爭上，統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)各戰(zhàn)略方向軍事斗爭準(zhǔn)備，加強(qiáng)軍兵種力量聯(lián)合運(yùn)用，提高基于信息系統(tǒng)的體系作戰(zhàn)能力。創(chuàng)新發(fā)展人民戰(zhàn)爭戰(zhàn)略戰(zhàn)術(shù)，推進(jìn)軍民融合式發(fā)展，提高國防動(dòng)員和后備力量建設(shè)質(zhì)量。全面提高日常戰(zhàn)備水平，加強(qiáng)針對性戰(zhàn)備演習(xí)演練，周密組織邊海空防戰(zhàn)備巡邏和執(zhí)勤，妥善應(yīng)對各種危機(jī)和重大突發(fā)事件。

Aiming to win local wars under the conditions of informationization and expanding and intensifying military preparedness. China's armed forces firmly base their military preparedness on winning local wars under the conditions of informationization, make overall and coordinated plans to promote military preparedness in all strategic directions, intensify the joint employment of different services and arms, and enhance warfighting capabilities based on information systems. They constantly bring forward new ideas for the strategies and tactics of people's war, advance integrated civilian-military development, and enhance the quality of national defense mobilization and reserve force building. They raise in an all-round way the level of routine combat readiness, intensify scenario-oriented exercises and drills, conduct well-organized border, coastal and territorial air patrols and duties for combat readiness, and handle appropriately various crises and major emergencies.

——樹立綜合安全觀念，有效遂行非戰(zhàn)爭軍事行動(dòng)任務(wù)。適應(yīng)安全威脅新變化，重視和平時(shí)期武裝力量運(yùn)用。積極參加和支援國家經(jīng)濟(jì)社會建設(shè)，堅(jiān)決完成搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)等急難險(xiǎn)重任務(wù)。依照法律規(guī)定履行維護(hù)國家安全和穩(wěn)定職能，堅(jiān)決打擊敵對勢力顛覆破壞活動(dòng)，打擊各種暴力恐怖活動(dòng)，遂行安保警戒任務(wù)。加強(qiáng)應(yīng)急救援、海上護(hù)航、撤離海外公民等海外行動(dòng)能力建設(shè)，為維護(hù)國家海外利益提供可靠的安全保障。

Formulating the concept of comprehensive security and effectively conducting military operations other than war (MOOTW). China's armed forces adapt themselves to the new changes of security threats, and emphasize the employment of armed forces in peacetime. They actively participate in and assist China's economic and social development, and resolutely accomplish urgent, difficult, hazardous, and arduous tasks involving emergency rescue and disaster relief. As stipulated by law, they perform their duties of maintaining national security and stability, steadfastly subduing subversive and sabotage attempts by hostile forces, cracking down on violent and terrorist activities, and accomplishing security-provision and guarding tasks. In addition, they strengthen overseas operational capabilities such as emergency response and rescue, merchant vessel protection at sea and evacuation of Chinese nationals, and provide reliable security support for China's interests overseas.

——深化安全合作，履行國際義務(wù)。中國武裝力量是國際安全合作的倡導(dǎo)者、推動(dòng)者和參與者。堅(jiān)持和平共處五項(xiàng)原則，全方位開展對外軍事交往，發(fā)展不結(jié)盟、不對抗、不針對第三方的軍事合作關(guān)系，推動(dòng)建立公平有效的集體安全機(jī)制和軍事互信機(jī)制。堅(jiān)持開放、務(wù)實(shí)、合作的理念，深化同各國軍隊(duì)的交流與合作，加強(qiáng)邊境地區(qū)建立信任措施合作，推進(jìn)海上安全對話與合作，參加聯(lián)合國維和行動(dòng)、國際反恐合作、國際護(hù)航和救災(zāi)行動(dòng)，舉行中外聯(lián)演聯(lián)訓(xùn)。認(rèn)真履行應(yīng)盡的國際責(zé)任和義務(wù)，為維護(hù)世界和平、安全、穩(wěn)定發(fā)揮積極作用。

Deepening security cooperation and fulfilling international obligations. China's armed forces are the initiator and facilitator of and participant in international security cooperation. They uphold the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, conduct all-round military exchanges with other countries, and develop cooperative military relations that are non-aligned, non-confrontational and not directed against any third party. They promote the establishment of just and effective collective security mechanisms and military confidence-building mechanisms. Bearing in mind the concept of openness, pragmatism and cooperation, China's armed forces increase their interactions and cooperation with other armed forces, and intensify cooperation on confidence-building measures (CBMs) in border areas. China's armed forces work to promote dialogue and cooperation on maritime security; participate in UN peacekeeping missions, international counter-terrorism cooperation, international merchant shipping protection and disaster relief operations; conduct joint exercises and training with foreign counterparts; conscientiously assume their due international responsibilities; and play an active role in maintaining world peace, security and stability.

——嚴(yán)格依法行動(dòng)，嚴(yán)守政策紀(jì)律。中國武裝力量遵守憲法和法律，遵守《聯(lián)合國憲章》的宗旨和原則，堅(jiān)持依法用兵、依法行動(dòng)。嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行法律法規(guī)和政策規(guī)定，嚴(yán)守群眾紀(jì)律，依法完成搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)、維穩(wěn)處突和安保警戒等任務(wù)。以《聯(lián)合國憲章》和公認(rèn)的國際關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則為依據(jù)，堅(jiān)持在雙邊多邊條約的法律構(gòu)架內(nèi)行動(dòng)，確保涉外軍事行動(dòng)的合法性。制定和完善法律法規(guī)和政策制度，嚴(yán)格按照條令條例管理部隊(duì)，為武裝力量多樣化運(yùn)用提供法律保障。

Acting in accordance with laws, policies and disciplines. China's armed forces observe the country's Constitution and other relevant laws, comply with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, and maintain their commitment to employing troops and taking actions according to law. They strictly abide by laws, regulations and policies, as well as discipline regarding civil-military relations. According to law, they accomplish such tasks as emergency rescue, disaster relief, stability maintenance, contingency response and security provision. On the basis of the UN Charter and other universally recognized norms of international relations, they consistently operate within the legal framework formed by bilateral or multi-lateral treaties and agreements, so as to ensure the legitimacy of their operations involving foreign countries or militaries. The diversified employment of China's armed forces is legally guaranteed by formulating and revising relevant laws, regulations and policies, and the armed forces are administered strictly by rules and regulations.

二、武裝力量建設(shè)與發(fā)展

II. Building and Development of China's Armed Forces

中國武裝力量由人民解放軍、人民武裝警察部隊(duì)、民兵組成，在國家安全和發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略全局中具有重要地位和作用，肩負(fù)著維護(hù)國家主權(quán)、安全、發(fā)展利益的光榮使命和神圣職責(zé)。

China's armed forces are composed of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the People's Armed Police Force (PAPF) and the militia. They play a significant role in China's overall strategies of security and development, and shoulder the glorious mission and sacred duty of safeguarding national sovereignty, security and development interests.

近年來，人民解放軍按照履行使命任務(wù)和信息化建設(shè)發(fā)展要求，積極穩(wěn)妥推進(jìn)軍隊(duì)改革。強(qiáng)化軍委總部戰(zhàn)略管理功能，組建人民解放軍戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃部，將總參通信部改編為信息化部，將總參軍訓(xùn)和兵種部改編為軍訓(xùn)部；推進(jìn)新型作戰(zhàn)力量建設(shè)，調(diào)整優(yōu)化各軍兵種規(guī)模結(jié)構(gòu)，改革部隊(duì)編組模式，推動(dòng)作戰(zhàn)力量編成向精干、聯(lián)合、多能、高效方向發(fā)展；完善新型軍隊(duì)人才培養(yǎng)體系，深化軍事人力資源和后勤政策制度調(diào)整改革，加強(qiáng)高新技術(shù)武器裝備建設(shè)，努力構(gòu)建中國特色現(xiàn)代軍事力量體系。

Over the years, the PLA has been proactively and steadily pushing forward its reforms in line with the requirements of performing its missions and tasks, and building an informationized military. The PLA has intensified the strategic administration of the Central Military Commission (CMC). It established the PLA Department of Strategic Planning, reorganized the GSH (Headquarters of the General Staff) Communications Department as the GSH Informationization Department, and the GSH Training and Arms Department as the GSH Training Department. The PLA is engaged in the building of new types of combat forces. It optimizes the size and structure of the various services and arms, reforms the organization of the troops so as to make operational forces lean, joint, multi-functional and efficient. The PLA works to improve the training mechanism for military personnel of a new type, adjust policies and rules regarding military human resources and logistics, and strengthen the development of new- and high-technology weaponry and equipment to build a modern military force structure with Chinese characteristics.

陸軍主要擔(dān)負(fù)陸地作戰(zhàn)任務(wù)，包括機(jī)動(dòng)作戰(zhàn)部隊(duì)、邊海防部隊(duì)、警衛(wèi)警備部隊(duì)等。按照機(jī)動(dòng)作戰(zhàn)、立體攻防的戰(zhàn)略要求，陸軍積極推進(jìn)由區(qū)域防衛(wèi)型向全域機(jī)動(dòng)型轉(zhuǎn)變，加快發(fā)展陸軍航空兵、輕型機(jī)械化部隊(duì)和特種作戰(zhàn)部隊(duì)，加強(qiáng)數(shù)字化部隊(duì)建設(shè)，逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)部隊(duì)編成的小型化、模塊化、多能化，提高空地一體、遠(yuǎn)程機(jī)動(dòng)、快速突擊和特種作戰(zhàn)能力。陸軍機(jī)動(dòng)作戰(zhàn)部隊(duì)包括18個(gè)集團(tuán)軍和部分獨(dú)立合成作戰(zhàn)師（旅），現(xiàn)有85萬人。集團(tuán)軍由師、旅編成，分別隸屬于7個(gè)軍區(qū)。沈陽軍區(qū)下轄第16、39、40集團(tuán)軍，北京軍區(qū)下轄第27、38、65集團(tuán)軍，蘭州軍區(qū)下轄第21、47集團(tuán)軍，濟(jì)南軍區(qū)下轄第20、26、54集團(tuán)軍，南京軍區(qū)下轄第1、12、31集團(tuán)軍，廣州軍區(qū)下轄第41、42集團(tuán)軍，成都軍區(qū)下轄第13、14集團(tuán)軍。

海軍是海上作戰(zhàn)行動(dòng)的主體力量，擔(dān)負(fù)著保衛(wèi)國家海上方向安全、領(lǐng)海主權(quán)和維護(hù)海洋權(quán)益的任務(wù)，主要由潛艇部隊(duì)、水面艦艇部隊(duì)、航空兵、陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)、岸防部隊(duì)等兵種組成。按照近海防御的戰(zhàn)略要求，海軍注重提高近海綜合作戰(zhàn)力量現(xiàn)代化水平，發(fā)展先進(jìn)潛艇、驅(qū)逐艦、護(hù)衛(wèi)艦等裝備，完善綜合電子信息系統(tǒng)裝備體系，提高遠(yuǎn)海機(jī)動(dòng)作戰(zhàn)、遠(yuǎn)海合作與應(yīng)對非傳統(tǒng)安全威脅能力，增強(qiáng)戰(zhàn)略威懾與反擊能力。海軍現(xiàn)有23．5萬人，下轄北海、東海和南海3個(gè)艦隊(duì)，艦隊(duì)下轄艦隊(duì)航空兵、基地、支隊(duì)、水警區(qū)、航空兵師和陸戰(zhàn)旅等部隊(duì)。2012年9月，第一艘航空母艦“遼寧艦”交接入列。中國發(fā)展航空母艦，對于建設(shè)強(qiáng)大海軍和維護(hù)海上安全具有深遠(yuǎn)意義。

The PLA Navy (PLAN) is China's mainstay for operations at sea, and is responsible for safeguarding its maritime security and maintaining its sovereignty over its territorial seas along with its maritime rights and interests. The PLAN is composed of the submarine, surface vessel, naval aviation, marine corps and coastal defense arms. In line with the requirements of its offshore defense strategy, the PLAN endeavors to accelerate the modernization of its forces for comprehensive offshore operations, develop advanced submarines, destroyers and frigates, and improve integrated electronic and information systems. Furthermore, it develops blue-water capabilities of conducting mobile operations, carrying out international cooperation, and countering non-traditional security threats, and enhances its capabilities of strategic deterrence and counterattack. Currently, the PLAN has a total strength of 235,000 officers and men, and commands three fleets, namely, the Beihai Fleet, the Donghai Fleet and the Nanhai Fleet. Each fleet has fleet aviation headquarters, support bases, flotillas and maritime garrison commands, as well as aviation divisions and marine brigades. In September 2012, China's first aircraft carrier Liaoning was commissioned into the PLAN. China's development of an aircraft carrier has a profound impact on building a strong PLAN and safeguarding maritime security.

空軍是空中作戰(zhàn)行動(dòng)的主體力量，擔(dān)負(fù)著保衛(wèi)國家領(lǐng)空安全、保持全國空防穩(wěn)定的任務(wù)，主要由航空兵、地面防空兵、雷達(dá)兵、空降兵、電子對抗等兵種組成。按照攻防兼?zhèn)涞膽?zhàn)略要求，空軍加強(qiáng)以偵察預(yù)警、空中進(jìn)攻、防空反導(dǎo)、戰(zhàn)略投送為重點(diǎn)的作戰(zhàn)力量體系建設(shè)，發(fā)展新一代作戰(zhàn)飛機(jī)、新型地空導(dǎo)彈和新型雷達(dá)等先進(jìn)武器裝備，完善預(yù)警、指揮和通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)，提高戰(zhàn)略預(yù)警、威懾和遠(yuǎn)程空中打擊能力�？哲姮F(xiàn)有39．8萬人，下轄沈陽、北京、蘭州、濟(jì)南、南京、廣州、成都7個(gè)軍區(qū)空軍和1個(gè)空降兵軍。軍區(qū)空軍下轄基地、航空兵師（旅）、地空導(dǎo)彈師（旅）、雷達(dá)旅等。

The PLA Air Force (PLAAF) is China's mainstay for air operations, responsible for its territorial air security and maintaining a stable air defense posture nationwide. It is primarily composed of aviation, ground air defense, radar, airborne and electronic countermeasures (ECM) arms. In line with the strategic requirements of conducting both offensive and defensive operations, the PLAAF is strengthening the development of a combat force structure that focuses on reconnaissance and early warning, air strike, air and missile defense, and strategic projection. It is developing such advanced weaponry and equipment as new-generation fighters and new-type ground-to-air missiles and radar systems, improving its early warning, command and communications networks, and raising its strategic early warning, strategic deterrence and long-distance air strike capabilities. The PLAAF now has a total strength of 398,000 officers and men, and an air command in each of the seven Military Area Commands (MACs) of Shenyang, Beijing, Lanzhou, Jinan, Nanjing, Guangzhou and Chengdu. In addition, it commands one airborne corps. Under each air command are bases, aviation divisions (brigades), ground-to-air missile divisions (brigades), radar brigades and other units.

第二炮兵是中國戰(zhàn)略威懾的核心力量，主要擔(dān)負(fù)遏制他國對中國使用核武器、遂行核反擊和常規(guī)導(dǎo)彈精確打擊任務(wù)，由核導(dǎo)彈部隊(duì)、常規(guī)導(dǎo)彈部隊(duì)、作戰(zhàn)保障部隊(duì)等組成。按照精干有效的原則，第二炮兵加快推進(jìn)信息化轉(zhuǎn)型，依靠科技進(jìn)步推動(dòng)武器裝備自主創(chuàng)新，利用成熟技術(shù)有重點(diǎn)、有選擇改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有裝備，提高導(dǎo)彈武器的安全性、可靠性、有效性，完善核常兼?zhèn)涞牧α矿w系，增強(qiáng)快速反應(yīng)、有效突防、精確打擊、綜合毀傷和生存防護(hù)能力，戰(zhàn)略威懾與核反擊、常規(guī)精確打擊能力穩(wěn)步提升。第二炮兵下轄導(dǎo)彈基地、訓(xùn)練基地、專業(yè)保障部隊(duì)、院校和科研機(jī)構(gòu)等，目前裝備東風(fēng)系列彈道導(dǎo)彈和長劍巡航導(dǎo)彈。

The PLA Second Artillery Force (PLASAF) is a core force for China's strategic deterrence. It is mainly composed of nuclear and conventional missile forces and operational support units, primarily responsible for deterring other countries from using nuclear weapons against China, and carrying out nuclear counterattacks and precision strikes with conventional missiles. Following the principle of building a lean and effective force, the PLASAF is striving to push forward its informationization transform, relying on scientific and technological progress to boost independent innovations in weaponry and equipment, modernizing current equipment selectively by applying mature technology, enhancing the safety, reliability and effectiveness of its missiles, improving its force structure of having both nuclear and conventional missiles, strengthening its rapid reaction, effective penetration, precision strike, damage infliction, protection and survivability capabilities. The PLASAF capabilities of strategic deterrence, nuclear counterattack and conventional precision strike are being steadily elevated. The PLASAF has under its command missile bases, training bases, specialized support units, academies and research institutions. It has a series of "Dong Feng" ballistic missiles and "Chang Jian" cruise missiles.

武警部隊(duì)平時(shí)主要擔(dān)負(fù)執(zhí)勤、處置突發(fā)事件、反恐怖、參加和支援國家經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)等任務(wù)，戰(zhàn)時(shí)配合人民解放軍進(jìn)行防衛(wèi)作戰(zhàn)。武警部隊(duì)依托國家信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，建立完善從總部至基層中隊(duì)的三級綜合信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)，發(fā)展部隊(duì)遂行任務(wù)急需的武器裝備，開展針對性訓(xùn)練，提高執(zhí)勤、處置突發(fā)事件、反恐怖能力。武警部隊(duì)由內(nèi)衛(wèi)部隊(duì)和警種部隊(duì)組成，內(nèi)衛(wèi)部隊(duì)包括省（自治區(qū)、直轄市）總隊(duì)和機(jī)動(dòng)師，警種部隊(duì)包括黃金、森林、水電、交通部隊(duì)，公安邊防、消防、警衛(wèi)部隊(duì)列入武警序列。

In peacetime, the PAPF's main tasks include performing guard duties, dealing with emergencies, combating terrorism and participating in and supporting national economic development. In wartime, it is tasked with assisting the PLA in defensive operations. Based on the national information infrastructure, the PAPF has built a three-level comprehensive information network from PAPF general headquarters down to squadrons. It develops task-oriented weaponry and equipment and conducts scenario-based training so as to improve its guard-duty, emergency-response and counter-terrorism capabilities. The PAPF is composed of the internal security force and other specialized forces. The internal security force is composed of contingents at the level of province (autonomous region or municipality directly under the central government) and mobile divisions. Specialized PAPF forces include those guarding gold mines, forests, hydroelectric projects and transportation facilities. The border public security, firefighting and security guard forces are also components of the PAPF.

民兵是不脫產(chǎn)的群眾武裝組織，是人民解放軍的助手和后備力量。民兵擔(dān)負(fù)參加社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)、執(zhí)行戰(zhàn)備勤務(wù)、參加防衛(wèi)作戰(zhàn)、協(xié)助維護(hù)社會秩序和參加搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)等任務(wù)。民兵建設(shè)注重調(diào)整規(guī)模結(jié)構(gòu)，改善武器裝備，推進(jìn)訓(xùn)練改革，提高以支援保障打贏信息化條件下局部戰(zhàn)爭能力為核心的完成多樣化軍事任務(wù)能力。民兵組織分為基干民兵組織和普通民兵組織�；�干民兵組織編有應(yīng)急隊(duì)伍，聯(lián)合防空、情報(bào)偵察、通信保障、工程搶修、交通運(yùn)輸、裝備維修等支援隊(duì)伍，以及作戰(zhàn)保障、后勤保障、裝備保障等儲備隊(duì)伍。

The militia is an armed organization composed of the people not released from their regular work. As an assistant and backup force of the PLA, the militia is tasked with participating in the socialist modernization drive, performing combat readiness support and defensive operations, helping maintain social order and participating in emergency rescue and disaster relief operations. The militia focuses on optimizing its size and structure, improving its weaponry and equipment, and pushing forward reforms in training so as to enhance its capabilities of supporting diversified military operations, of which the core is to win local wars in informationized conditions. The militia falls into two categories: primary and general. The primary militia has emergency response detachments; supporting detachments such as joint air defense, intelligence, reconnaissance, communications support, engineering rush-repair, transportation and equipment repair; and reserve units for combat, logistics and equipment support.

三、捍衛(wèi)國家主權(quán)、安全、領(lǐng)土完整

II. Defending National Sovereignty, Security and Territorial Integrity

中國武裝力量的根本任務(wù)，是鞏固國防、抵抗侵略、保衛(wèi)祖國。中國武裝力量的多樣化運(yùn)用，堅(jiān)持以國家核心安全需求為導(dǎo)向，著眼維護(hù)和平、遏制危機(jī)和打贏戰(zhàn)爭，保衛(wèi)邊防、海防、空防安全，加強(qiáng)戰(zhàn)備工作和實(shí)戰(zhàn)化演習(xí)演練，隨時(shí)應(yīng)對和堅(jiān)決制止一切危害國家主權(quán)、安全、領(lǐng)土完整的挑釁行為，堅(jiān)決維護(hù)國家核心利益。

The fundamental tasks of China's armed forces are consolidating national defense, resisting foreign aggression and defending the motherland. Responding to China's core security needs, the diversified employment of the armed forces aims to maintain peace, contain crises and win wars; safeguard border, coastal and territorial air security; strengthen combat-readiness and warfighting-oriented exercises and drills; readily respond to and resolutely deter any provocative action which undermines China's sovereignty, security and territorial integrity; and firmly safeguard China's core national interests.

保衛(wèi)邊海防安全

Safeguarding Border and Coastal Security

中國有2．2萬多公里陸地邊界和1．8萬多公里大陸海岸線，是世界上鄰國最多、陸地邊界最長的國家之一。中國有500平方米以上的島嶼6500多個(gè)，島嶼岸線1．4萬多公里。中國武裝力量對陸地邊界和管轄海域?qū)嵤┓佬l(wèi)、管轄，維護(hù)邊海防安全的任務(wù)復(fù)雜繁重。

With a borderline of more than 22,000 km and a coastline of more than 18,000 km, China is one of the countries with the most neighbors and the longest land borders. Among all China's islands, more than 6,500 are larger than 500 square meters each. China's island coastline is over 14,000 km long. China's armed forces defend and exercise jurisdiction over China's land borders and sea areas, and the task of safeguarding border and coastal security is arduous and complicated.

陸軍邊海防部隊(duì)駐守在邊境、沿海地區(qū)及海上島嶼，擔(dān)負(fù)著守衛(wèi)國（邊）界、沿海海岸和島嶼，抵御防范外敵入侵、蠶食、挑釁，以及協(xié)助打擊恐怖破壞、跨境犯罪等防衛(wèi)與管理任務(wù)。邊海防部隊(duì)堅(jiān)持以戰(zhàn)備執(zhí)勤為中心，強(qiáng)化邊境沿海地區(qū)重要方向和敏感地段、水道、海域防衛(wèi)警戒，嚴(yán)密防范各類入侵、蠶食和越境滲透破壞活動(dòng)，及時(shí)制止違反邊海防政策法規(guī)和改變國界線現(xiàn)狀的行為，適時(shí)開展軍地聯(lián)合管控、應(yīng)急處突等行動(dòng)，有效維護(hù)邊境沿海地區(qū)的安全穩(wěn)定。中國已與周邊7個(gè)國家簽訂邊防合作協(xié)議，與12個(gè)國家建立邊防會談會晤機(jī)制。人民解放軍邊防部隊(duì)與俄羅斯、哈薩克斯坦、蒙古、越南等國邊防部門開展聯(lián)合巡邏執(zhí)勤、聯(lián)合管控演練等友好合作活動(dòng)。與哈薩克斯坦、吉爾吉斯斯坦、俄羅斯、塔吉克斯坦等國每年組織相互視察活動(dòng)，監(jiān)督和核查邊境地區(qū)信任措施落實(shí)情況。

The border and coastal defense forces of the PLAA are stationed in border and coastal areas, and on islands. They are responsible for defense and administrative tasks such as safeguarding the national borders, coastlines and islands, resisting and guarding against foreign invasions, encroachments and provocations, and assisting in cracking down on terrorist sabotage and cross-border crimes. The border and coastal defense forces focus on combat-readiness duties, strengthen the defense and surveillance of major directions and sensitive areas, watercourses and sea areas in border and coastal regions, maintain a rigorous guard against any invasion, encroachment or cross-border sabotage, prevent in a timely fashion any violation of border and coastal policies, laws and regulations and changes to the current borderlines, carry out civil-military joint control and management, and emergency response missions promptly, and effectively safeguard the security and stability of the borders and coastal areas.

China has signed border cooperation agreements with seven neighboring countries, and established mechanisms with 12 countries for border defense talks and meetings. The border and coastal defense forces of the PLA promote friendly cooperation in joint patrols, guard duties and joint control-management drills with their counterparts of Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Vietnam, respectively. They also organize annual mutual inspections to supervise and verify the implementation of confidence-building measures in border areas with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan.

海軍加強(qiáng)海區(qū)的控制與管理，建立完善體系化巡邏機(jī)制，有效掌握周邊海域情況，嚴(yán)密防范各類竄擾和滲透破壞活動(dòng)，及時(shí)處置各種海空情況和突發(fā)事件。推進(jìn)海上安全合作，維護(hù)海洋和平與穩(wěn)定、海上航行自由與安全。在中美海上軍事安全磋商機(jī)制框架下，定期開展海上信息交流，避免發(fā)生海上意外事件。根據(jù)中越簽署的北部灣海域聯(lián)合巡邏協(xié)議，兩國海軍從2006年起每年組織兩次聯(lián)合巡邏。

The PLAN strengthens maritime control and management, systematically establishes patrol mechanisms, effectively enhances situational awareness in surrounding sea areas, tightly guards against various types of harassment, infiltration and sabotage activities, and copes promptly with maritime and air incidents and emergencies. It advances maritime security cooperation, and maintains maritime peace and stability, as well as free and safe navigation. Within the framework of the Military Maritime Consultative Agreement (MMCA), the Chinese and US navies regularly exchange maritime information to avoid accidents at sea. According to the Agreement on Joint Patrols by the Navies of China and Vietnam in the Beibu Gulf, the two navies have organized joint patrols twice a year since 2006.

公安邊防部隊(duì)是國家部署在邊境沿海地區(qū)和開放口岸的武裝執(zhí)法力量，擔(dān)負(fù)保衛(wèi)國家主權(quán)、維護(hù)邊境沿海地區(qū)和海上安全穩(wěn)定、口岸出入境秩序等重要職責(zé)，遂行邊境維穩(wěn)、打擊犯罪、應(yīng)急救援、邊防安保等多樣化任務(wù)。公安邊防部隊(duì)在邊境一線劃定邊防管理區(qū)，在沿海地區(qū)劃定海防工作區(qū)，在毗鄰香港、澳門陸地邊境和沿海一線地區(qū)20至50米縱深劃定邊防警戒區(qū)，在國家開放口岸設(shè)立邊防檢查站，在沿海地區(qū)部署海警部隊(duì)。近年來，對邊境地區(qū)和口岸實(shí)行常態(tài)化嚴(yán)查嚴(yán)管嚴(yán)控，防范打擊“三股勢力”、敵對分子的分裂破壞和暴力恐怖活動(dòng)。集中整治海上越界捕撈活動(dòng)，強(qiáng)化海上治安巡邏執(zhí)法，嚴(yán)厲打擊海上違法犯罪活動(dòng)。2011年以來，共破獲各類案件47445起，繳獲各類毒品12357千克，繳獲非法槍支125115支，查獲偷渡人員5607人次。

The border public security force is an armed law-enforcement body deployed by the state in border and coastal areas, and at ports. It assumes important responsibilities of safeguarding national sovereignty, and maintaining security and stability in border, coastal and sea areas, as well as entry and exit order at ports. It carries out diversified tasks of maintaining stability, combating crimes, conducting emergency rescues and providing security in border areas. The border public security force establishes border control zones along the borderlines, establishes maritime defense zones in the coastal areas, establishes border surveillance areas 20 to 50 meters in depth along land border and coastline areas adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, sets up border inspection stations at open ports, and deploys a marine police force in coastal areas. In recent years, regular strict inspections, management and control in border areas and at ports have been carried out to guard against and subdue separatist, sabotage, violent and terrorist activities by the "three forces" or hostile individuals. The border public security force takes strict and coordinated measures against cross-border fishing activities, strengthens law enforcement by maritime security patrols, and clamps down on maritime offenses and crimes. Since 2011, it has handled 47,445 cases, seized 12,357 kg of drugs, confiscated 125,115 illegal guns, and tracked down 5,607 illegal border-crossers.

民兵積極參加戰(zhàn)備執(zhí)勤、邊海防地區(qū)軍警民聯(lián)防、哨所執(zhí)勤和護(hù)邊控邊等行動(dòng)，常年在邊海防線上巡邏執(zhí)勤。

The militia takes an active part in combat readiness duties, joint military-police-civilian defense efforts, post duties, and border protection and control tasks in the border and coastal areas. Militia members patrol along the borders and coastlines all year round.

保衛(wèi)空防安全

Safeguarding Territorial Air Security

空軍是保衛(wèi)國家空防安全的主體力量，陸軍、海軍和武警部隊(duì)按照中央軍委的指示擔(dān)負(fù)部分空防任務(wù)。平時(shí)，國家防空實(shí)行空軍—軍區(qū)空軍—防空部隊(duì)指揮體制，空軍根據(jù)中央軍委意圖對擔(dān)負(fù)防空任務(wù)的各種防空力量實(shí)施統(tǒng)一指揮。中國空防體系由偵察監(jiān)視、指揮控制、空中防御、地面防空、綜合保障和人民防空六大系統(tǒng)組成。中國已建成集偵察預(yù)警、抗擊、反擊和防護(hù)于一體的空防力量體系，具有以各種對空探測雷達(dá)和預(yù)警機(jī)為主體，以技術(shù)偵察、電子對抗偵察為補(bǔ)充的空情獲取手段；以殲擊機(jī)、殲擊轟炸機(jī)、地空導(dǎo)彈、高炮部隊(duì)為主體，以陸軍防空兵、民兵預(yù)備役防空力量和人民防空力量為補(bǔ)充的抗擊手段；以各種防護(hù)工程和防護(hù)力量為主體，以專業(yè)技術(shù)防護(hù)力量為補(bǔ)充的綜合防護(hù)手段。

The PLAAF is the mainstay of national territorial air defense, and in accordance with the instructions of the CMC, the PLAA, PLAN and PAPF all undertake some territorial air defense responsibilities. In peacetime, the chain of command of China's air defense runs from the PLAAF headquarters through the air commands of the military area commands to air defense units. The PLAAF exercises unified command over all air defense components in accordance with the CMC's intent. China's air defense system is composed of six sub-systems of reconnaissance and surveillance, command and control, aerial defense, ground air defense, integrated support and civil air defense. China has established an air defense force system that integrates reconnaissance and early warning, resistance, counterattack and protection. For air situation awareness means, air detection radars and early warning aircraft are the mainstay, supplemented by technical and ECM reconnaissance. For resistance means, fighters, fighter-bombers, ground-to-air missiles and antiaircraft artillery troops are the mainstay, supplemented by the strengths from the PLAA air defense force, militia and reserves, as well as civil air defense. For integrated protection means, various protection works and strengths are the mainstay, supplemented by specialized technical protection forces.

空軍日常防空基本活動(dòng)，主要是組織偵察預(yù)警力量，監(jiān)視國家領(lǐng)空及周邊地區(qū)空中動(dòng)態(tài)，隨時(shí)掌握各種空中安全威脅；組織各級指揮機(jī)構(gòu)，保持以首都為核心、以邊境沿海一線為重點(diǎn)的常態(tài)化戰(zhàn)備值班，隨時(shí)指揮各種空防力量行動(dòng)；組織日常防空戰(zhàn)斗值班兵力，進(jìn)行海上空域警巡、邊境反偵察和境內(nèi)查證處置異常不明空情；組織航空管制系統(tǒng)，監(jiān)控飛行活動(dòng)，維護(hù)空中秩序，保障飛行安全。

The PLAAF organizes the following routine air defense tasks: reconnaissance and early warning units are tasked with monitoring air situations in China's territorial air space and surrounding areas and keeping abreast of air security threats. Command organs at all levels are tasked with assuming routine combat readiness duties with the capital as the core, and border and coastal areas as the key, and commanding air defense operations at all times. Routine air defense troops on combat duty are tasked with carrying out air vigilance and patrols at sea, conducting counter-reconnaissance in border areas and verifying abnormal and unidentified air situations within the territory. The air control system is tasked with monitoring, controlling and maintaining air traffic order so as to ensure flight safety.

保持常備不懈的戰(zhàn)備狀態(tài)

Maintaining Constant Combat Readiness

戰(zhàn)備工作是軍隊(duì)為執(zhí)行作戰(zhàn)和非戰(zhàn)爭軍事行動(dòng)任務(wù)而進(jìn)行的準(zhǔn)備和戒備活動(dòng)，是軍隊(duì)全局性、綜合性、經(jīng)常性的工作。提高戰(zhàn)備水平，保持常備不懈的戰(zhàn)備狀態(tài)，是有效應(yīng)對多種安全威脅、完成多樣化軍事任務(wù)的重要保證。人民解放軍建立正規(guī)的戰(zhàn)備秩序，加強(qiáng)戰(zhàn)備基礎(chǔ)性建設(shè)，搞好針對性戰(zhàn)備演練，周密組織戰(zhàn)備值班和邊�？辗姥策増�(zhí)勤，隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備執(zhí)行作戰(zhàn)和非戰(zhàn)爭軍事行動(dòng)任務(wù)。部隊(duì)根據(jù)執(zhí)行任務(wù)需要進(jìn)入等級戰(zhàn)備，戰(zhàn)備等級按照戒備程度由低級到高級分為三級戰(zhàn)備、二級戰(zhàn)備、一級戰(zhàn)備。

Combat readiness refers to the preparations and alert activities of the armed forces for undertaking operational tasks and MOOTW, and it is the general, comprehensive and regular work of the armed forces. It is an important guarantee for coping with various security threats and accomplishing diversified military tasks to enhance the capabilities of combat readiness and maintain constant combat readiness. The PLA has a regular system of combat readiness. It improves infrastructure for combat readiness, carries out scenario-oriented drills, and earnestly organizes alert duties, border, coastal and air defense patrols and guard duties. It keeps itself prepared for undertaking operational tasks and MOOTW at all times. Based on different tasks, the troops assume different levels of readiness (Level III, Level II and Level I, from the lowest degree of alertness to the highest).

陸軍部隊(duì)的日常戰(zhàn)備，以維護(hù)邊境正常秩序和鞏固國家建設(shè)成果為重點(diǎn)，依托作戰(zhàn)指揮機(jī)構(gòu)和指揮信息系統(tǒng)，加強(qiáng)戰(zhàn)備值班要素整合，探索戰(zhàn)區(qū)聯(lián)合值班模式，推進(jìn)團(tuán)以上作戰(zhàn)部隊(duì)?wèi)?zhàn)備值班系統(tǒng)綜合整治，以常態(tài)化運(yùn)行的體制機(jī)制保證戰(zhàn)備工作落實(shí)，形成各戰(zhàn)略方向銜接、多兵種聯(lián)合、作戰(zhàn)保障配套的戰(zhàn)備力量體系布局，始終保持迅即能動(dòng)和有效應(yīng)對的良好狀態(tài)。海軍部隊(duì)的日常戰(zhàn)備，以維護(hù)國家領(lǐng)土主權(quán)和海洋權(quán)益為重點(diǎn)，按照高效用兵、體系巡邏、全域監(jiān)控的原則，組織和實(shí)施常態(tài)化戰(zhàn)備巡邏，在相關(guān)海域保持軍事存在。各艦隊(duì)常年保持必要數(shù)量艦艇在轄區(qū)內(nèi)巡邏，加強(qiáng)航空兵偵察巡邏，并根據(jù)需要組織機(jī)動(dòng)兵力在相關(guān)海域巡邏警戒�？哲姴筷�(duì)的日常戰(zhàn)備，以國土防空為重點(diǎn)，堅(jiān)持平戰(zhàn)一體、全域反應(yīng)、全疆到達(dá)的原則，保持靈敏高效的戰(zhàn)備狀態(tài)。組織常態(tài)化空中警戒巡邏，及時(shí)查證異常不明空情�？哲娭笓]警戒值班系統(tǒng)以空軍指揮所為核心，部隊(duì)指揮所為基礎(chǔ)，以航空兵、地面防空兵等戰(zhàn)斗值班兵力為支撐。

The routine combat readiness work of the PLAA serves to maintain normal order in border areas and protect national development achievements. Relying on the operational command organs and command information system, it strengthens the integration of combat readiness duty elements, explores joint duty probability within a theater, and optimizes the combat readiness duty system in operational troops at and above the regiment level. It ensures the implementation of combat readiness work through institutionalized systems and mechanisms. It creates a combat readiness system with inter-connected strategic directions, combined arms and systematized operational support. Thus, the PLAA keeps sound combat readiness with agile maneuvers and effective response. The routine combat readiness work of the PLAN serves to safeguard national territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests. It carries out diversified patrols and provides whole-area surveillance in a cost-effective way. The PLAN organizes and performs regular combat readiness patrols, and maintains a military presence in relevant sea areas. All fleets maintain the necessary number of ships patrolling in areas under their respective command, beef up naval aviation reconnaissance patrols, and organize mobile forces to conduct patrols and surveillance in relevant sea areas, as required. The PLAAF focuses its daily combat readiness on territorial air defense. It follows the principles of applicability in both peacetime and wartime, all-dimension response and full territorial reach, and maintains a vigilant and efficient combat readiness. It organizes air alert patrols on a regular basis to verify abnormal and unidentified air situations promptly. The PLAAF command alert system takes PLAAF command posts as the core, field command posts as the basis, and aviation and ground air defense forces on combat duty as the pillar.

第二炮兵平時(shí)保持適度戒備狀態(tài)，按照平戰(zhàn)結(jié)合、常備不懈、隨時(shí)能戰(zhàn)的原則，加強(qiáng)戰(zhàn)備配套建設(shè)，構(gòu)建要素集成、功能完備、靈敏高效的作戰(zhàn)值班體系，確保部隊(duì)?wèi)?yīng)急反應(yīng)迅速，有效應(yīng)對戰(zhàn)爭威脅和突發(fā)事件。在國家受到核威脅時(shí)，核導(dǎo)彈部隊(duì)根據(jù)中央軍委命令，提升戒備狀態(tài)，做好核反擊準(zhǔn)備，懾止敵人對中國使用核武器；在國家遭受核襲擊時(shí)，使用導(dǎo)彈核武器，獨(dú)立或聯(lián)合其他軍種核力量，對敵實(shí)施堅(jiān)決反擊。常規(guī)導(dǎo)彈部隊(duì)能夠快速完成平戰(zhàn)轉(zhuǎn)換，遂行常規(guī)中遠(yuǎn)程精確打擊任務(wù)。

The routine combat readiness work of the PLAA serves to maintain normal order in border areas and protect national development achievements. Relying on the operational command organs and command information system, it strengthens the integration of combat readiness duty elements, explores joint duty probability within a theater, and optimizes the combat readiness duty system in operational troops at and above the regiment level. It ensures the implementation of combat readiness work through institutionalized systems and mechanisms. It creates a combat readiness system with inter-connected strategic directions, combined arms and systematized operational support. Thus, the PLAA keeps sound combat readiness with agile maneuvers and effective response. The routine combat readiness work of the PLAN serves to safeguard national territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests. It carries out diversified patrols and provides whole-area surveillance in a cost-effective way. The PLAN organizes and performs regular combat readiness patrols, and maintains a military presence in relevant sea areas. All fleets maintain the necessary number of ships patrolling in areas under their respective command, beef up naval aviation reconnaissance patrols, and organize mobile forces to conduct patrols and surveillance in relevant sea areas, as required. The PLAAF focuses its daily combat readiness on territorial air defense. It follows the principles of applicability in both peacetime and wartime, all-dimension response and full territorial reach, and maintains a vigilant and efficient combat readiness. It organizes air alert patrols on a regular basis to verify abnormal and unidentified air situations promptly. The PLAAF command alert system takes PLAAF command posts as the core, field command posts as the basis, and aviation and ground air defense forces on combat duty as the pillar.

開展實(shí)戰(zhàn)化演習(xí)演練

Carrying out Scenario-based Exercises and Drills

人民解放軍堅(jiān)持把開展實(shí)戰(zhàn)化演習(xí)演練作為推進(jìn)軍事訓(xùn)練轉(zhuǎn)變、提高部隊(duì)實(shí)戰(zhàn)能力的重要抓手，注重將信息主導(dǎo)、體系對抗、精確作戰(zhàn)、融合集成、聯(lián)合制勝等信息化條件下作戰(zhàn)理念廣泛融入訓(xùn)練實(shí)踐，按實(shí)戰(zhàn)要求、戰(zhàn)時(shí)編組和作戰(zhàn)流程組織演練，突出指揮對抗訓(xùn)練、實(shí)兵自主對抗訓(xùn)練和復(fù)雜戰(zhàn)場環(huán)境下訓(xùn)練，全面提高部隊(duì)基于信息系統(tǒng)的體系作戰(zhàn)能力。

The PLA takes scenario-based exercises and drills as the basic means to accelerate the transition in military training and raise combat capabilities. It widely practices in training such operational concepts in conditions of informationization as information dominance, confrontation between different systems, precision strike, fusion, integration and jointness. It organizes training based on real combat needs, formations and procedures. It pays special attention to confrontational command training, live independent force-on-force training and training in complex battlefield environments. Thus, the warfighting capabilities based on information systems have been thoroughly improved.

Carrying out trans-MAC training. To develop rapid-response and joint-operation capabilities in unfamiliar environments and complex conditions, the divisions and brigades of the same specialty with similar tasks and tailored operational environments are organized to carry out a series of trans-MAC live verification-oriented exercises and drills in the combined tactical training bases. In 2009, the Shenyang, Lanzhou, Jinan and Guangzhou MACs each sent one division to join long-distance maneuvers and confrontational drills. Since 2010, a series of campaign-level exercises and drills code-named "Mission Action" for trans-MAC maneuvers have been carried out. Specifically, in 2010 the Beijing, Lanzhou and Chengdu MACs each sent one division (brigade) led by corps headquarters, together with some PLAAF units, to participate in the exercise. In 2011, relevant troops from the Chengdu and Jinan MACs were organized and carried out the exercise in plateau areas. In 2012, the Chengdu, Jinan and Lanzhou MACs and relevant PLAAF troops were organized and carried out the exercise in southwestern China.

突出對抗訓(xùn)練。各軍兵種強(qiáng)化對抗性檢驗(yàn)性演習(xí)演練，組織實(shí)兵對抗、網(wǎng)上對抗和計(jì)算機(jī)模擬對抗等演習(xí)，增強(qiáng)訓(xùn)練的針對性、實(shí)效性�？哲娨劳杏�(xùn)練基地構(gòu)設(shè)復(fù)雜戰(zhàn)場環(huán)境，組織軍區(qū)空軍之間、軍區(qū)空軍與合成“藍(lán)軍”部隊(duì)之間，開展信息化條件下“紅藍(lán)”體系對抗演習(xí)。第二炮兵開展復(fù)雜戰(zhàn)場環(huán)境下偵察與反偵察、干擾與防干擾、精確打擊與防護(hù)反擊的對抗性訓(xùn)練，加強(qiáng)核生化武器威脅條件下安全防護(hù)和操作技能訓(xùn)練，每年安排多種型號導(dǎo)彈部隊(duì)執(zhí)行實(shí)彈發(fā)射任務(wù)。

Highlighting force-on-force training. The various services and arms are intensifying confrontational and verification-oriented exercises and drills. Based on different scenarios, they organize live force-on-force exercises, online confrontational exercises and computer-simulation confrontational exercises. The PLAAF creates complex battlefield environments based on its training bases, organizes confrontational exercises on "Red-Blue" war systems under informationized conditions, either between MAC air forces or between a combined "Blue Team" and MAC air force ("Red Team"). The Second Artillery Forces carry out confrontational training of reconnaissance vs. counter-reconnaissance, jamming vs. counter-jamming, and precision strikes vs. protection and counterattack, in complex battlefield environments. They are strengthening safety protection and operational skills training under nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) threats. Units of different missile types are organized to conduct live-firing launching tasks annually.

拓展遠(yuǎn)海訓(xùn)練。海軍探索遠(yuǎn)海作戰(zhàn)任務(wù)編組訓(xùn)練模式，組織由新型驅(qū)護(hù)艦、遠(yuǎn)洋綜合補(bǔ)給艦和艦載直升機(jī)混合編成的遠(yuǎn)海作戰(zhàn)編隊(duì)編組訓(xùn)練，深化復(fù)雜戰(zhàn)場環(huán)境下使命課題研練，突出遠(yuǎn)程預(yù)警及綜合控制、遠(yuǎn)海攔截、遠(yuǎn)程奔襲、大洋反潛、遠(yuǎn)洋護(hù)航等重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容訓(xùn)練。通過遠(yuǎn)海訓(xùn)練組織帶動(dòng)沿海有關(guān)部隊(duì)進(jìn)行防空、反潛、反水雷、反恐怖、反海盜、近岸防衛(wèi)、島礁破襲等對抗性實(shí)兵訓(xùn)練。2007年以來，在西太平洋共組織遠(yuǎn)海訓(xùn)練近20批90多艘次。訓(xùn)練中采取有效措施應(yīng)對某些國家軍用艦機(jī)的抵近偵察和非法干擾活動(dòng)。2012年4月至9月，“鄭和”號訓(xùn)練艦進(jìn)行環(huán)球航行訓(xùn)練，先后訪問及�？�14個(gè)國家和地區(qū)。

Intensifying blue water training. The PLAN is improving the training mode of task force formation in blue water. It organizes the training of different formations of combined task forces composed of new types of destroyers, frigates, ocean-going replenishment ships and shipborne helicopters. It is increasing its research and training on tasks in complex battlefield environments, highlighting the training of remote early warning, comprehensive control, open sea interception, long-range raid, anti-submarine warfare and vessel protection at distant sea. The PLAN organizes relevant coastal forces to carry out live force-on-force training for air defense, anti-submarine, anti-mine, anti-terrorism, anti-piracy, coastal defense, and island and reef sabotage raids. Since 2007, the PLAN has conducted training in the distant sea waters of the Western Pacific involving over 90 ships in nearly 20 batches. During the training, the PLAN took effective measures to respond to foreign close-in reconnaissance and illegal interference activities by military ships and aircraft. From April to September 2012, the training vessel Zhenghe completed global-voyage training, paying port calls to 14 countries and regions.

四、保障國家經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展

IV. Supporting National Economic and Social Development

保衛(wèi)人民的和平勞動(dòng)，參加國家建設(shè)事業(yè)，全心全意為人民服務(wù)，是憲法和法律賦予中國武裝力量的重要任務(wù)。中國武裝力量服從服務(wù)于國家改革發(fā)展大局，積極參加國家建設(shè)和搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)，依法維護(hù)社會和諧穩(wěn)定，努力保障國家發(fā)展利益。

The Constitution and relevant laws entrust China's armed forces with the important tasks of safeguarding the peaceful labor of the Chinese people, taking part in national development and serving the people wholeheartedly. Subordinate to and serving the overall situation of national reform and development, the armed forces of China actively participate in national development, emergency rescue and disaster relief, maintain social harmony and stability according to law, and endeavor to protect national development interests.

參加國家建設(shè)

Participating in National Development

軍隊(duì)和武警部隊(duì)在完成教育訓(xùn)練、戰(zhàn)備執(zhí)勤、科研試驗(yàn)等任務(wù)的前提下，圍繞國家和地方經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展規(guī)劃部署，堅(jiān)持把地方所需、群眾所盼和部隊(duì)所能結(jié)合起來，充分利用人才、裝備、技術(shù)、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施等方面的資源和優(yōu)勢，積極支援地方基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施重點(diǎn)工程、生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)和社會主義新農(nóng)村建設(shè)，扎實(shí)做好扶貧幫困、助學(xué)興教、醫(yī)療扶持等工作，為促進(jìn)地方經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、社會和諧、民生改善作出重要貢獻(xiàn)。

Under the precondition of accomplishing such tasks as education, training, combat readiness duties, and scientific research and experiments, the PLA and PAPF center their efforts on national and local plans and arrangements for economic and social development; persist in combining PLA and PAPF capabilities with local governments' needs and local people's expectations; make full use of their resources and advantages in personnel, equipment, technology and infrastructure; actively support local key infrastructure projects, ecological environment conservation and new socialist rural area development; and take solid steps to support poverty-alleviation initiatives, give financial aid to education and provide medical service support. They thereby make significant contributions to promoting local economic development, social harmony and the improvement of people's livelihood.

援建基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施重點(diǎn)工程。發(fā)揮水電、交通、工程、測繪等專業(yè)部隊(duì)的優(yōu)勢，支援國家和各地交通、水利、能源、通信等關(guān)系國計(jì)民生的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)。2011年以來，共投入勞動(dòng)日1500多萬個(gè)，動(dòng)用機(jī)械車輛120多萬臺次，援建機(jī)場、公路、鐵路、水利樞紐等省以上重點(diǎn)工程350多項(xiàng)。武警水電部隊(duì)先后參加云南糯扎渡、四川錦屏、西藏旁多等水利水電和鐵路、天然氣管道工程建設(shè)115項(xiàng)。武警交通部隊(duì)承建新疆天山公路、甘肅洛塘河特大雙層橋梁、西藏墨脫公路嘎隆拉隧道等172個(gè)項(xiàng)目，建設(shè)里程3250公里。

Supporting key infrastructure projects. China's armed forces bring into full play the advantages of hydroelectric, transportation, engineering and cartographic units, and support national and local infrastructure construction related to national economy and people's livelihood in such areas as transportation, water conservancy, energy and communications. Since 2011, the PLA and PAPF have contributed more than 15 million work days and over 1.2 million motor vehicles and machines, and have been involved in more than 350 major province-level (and above) projects of building airports, highways, railways and water conservancy facilities. The PAPF hydroelectric units have partaken in the construction of 115 projects concerning water conservancy, hydropower, railways and gas pipelines in Nuozhadu (Yunnan), Jinping (Sichuan) and Pangduo (Tibet). In addition, PAPF transportation units have undertaken the construction of 172 projects, including highways in the Tianshan Mountains in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the double-deck viaduct bridge over the Luotang River in Gansu Province and the Galungla Tunnel along the Medog Highway in the Tibet Autonomous Region, with a total length of 3,250 km.

參加生態(tài)建設(shè)和環(huán)境保護(hù)。成建制組織部隊(duì)和民兵預(yù)備役人員參加荒山綠化、防沙治沙、濕地生態(tài)保護(hù)等工作，支援京津風(fēng)沙源治理、環(huán)塔克拉瑪干沙漠綠化、長江黃河中上游生態(tài)保護(hù)、西藏“一江兩河”治理等國家重點(diǎn)生態(tài)區(qū)和生態(tài)工程建設(shè)。兩年來，共植樹1400多萬株，成片造林、飛播造林和綠化荒山荒灘300多萬畝。測繪、氣象、給水等技術(shù)部隊(duì)還為地方提供大地勘測、氣象水文預(yù)報(bào)、水源探測等服務(wù)。

Promoting ecological progress and protecting the environment. The PLA, militia and reserve organic troops are organized to help afforest barren hills, control desertification and preserve wetlands. Specifically, they have supported the construction of key national reserves and ecological engineering projects such as controlling the sources of sandstorms affecting Beijing and Tianjin, afforesting the periphery of the Taklimakan Desert, protecting the ecological environment of the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtse and Yellow rivers, and harnessing the Yarlung Zangbo, Lhasa and Nyangqu rivers in Tibet. Over the past two years, the PLA and PAPF have planted over 14 million trees, and afforested above three million mu of barren hills and beaches by large-scale planting and aerial seeding. Besides, technical units specializing in cartography, meteorology, and water supply provide such services as cartographic surveying, weather and hydrological forecasting, and water source exploration for local people.

扶貧幫困和支援新農(nóng)村建設(shè)。各部隊(duì)先后與63個(gè)貧困縣、547個(gè)貧困鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)建立幫扶關(guān)系，共建立扶貧聯(lián)系點(diǎn)2．6萬個(gè)，支援農(nóng)田水利、鄉(xiāng)村道路、小流域治理等小型工程建設(shè)2萬多個(gè)，扶持發(fā)展優(yōu)勢特色產(chǎn)業(yè)1000多項(xiàng)，幫助40多萬貧困群眾脫貧致富。北京軍區(qū)給水工程團(tuán)先后在云南、廣西、山東、河北、內(nèi)蒙古、貴州等地支援地方找水打井，共打井358眼，解決了96萬人生活用水及8．5萬畝農(nóng)田灌溉用水問題。蘭州軍區(qū)給水工程團(tuán)實(shí)施“百井支農(nóng)富民”工程，在寧夏中南部干旱帶找水打井192眼，緩解了39萬人、57萬頭牲畜飲水和3．7萬畝農(nóng)田灌溉用水問題。

Contributing to poverty-alleviation initiatives and helping build new rural areas. The PLA and PAPF have paired up with 63 poverty-stricken counties and 547 poverty-stricken towns and townships; set up 26,000 places of contact for poverty reduction; supported over 20,000 small projects such as constructing irrigation and water-conservancy facilities, building rural roads, and improving small river valley areas; aided the development of more than 1,000 industries; and helped over 400,000 needy people shake off poverty. The Beijing Military Area Command's water-supply engineering regiment has helped local governments to search for water and dig wells in Yunnan, Shandong, Hebei and Guizhou provinces, as well as the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and dug 358 wells, solving the domestic water shortage for 960,000 people and the problem of irrigation for 85,000 mu of farmland.

Implementing the project of "digging wells to enrich farmers," the Lanzhou Military Area Command's water-supply engineering regiment has explored water sources and dug 192 wells in the arid zone in the middle and southern parts of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and alleviated drinking water shortages for 390,000 people and 570,000 head of livestock and the problem of irrigation for 37,000 mu of farmland.

支持科技教育文化衛(wèi)生事業(yè)。2011─2012年，軍隊(duì)院校、科研單位和專業(yè)技術(shù)部隊(duì)共承擔(dān)國家重大專項(xiàng)、科技支撐計(jì)劃等課題研究200多項(xiàng)，參與科技攻關(guān)220項(xiàng)，轉(zhuǎn)讓科技成果180項(xiàng)。軍隊(duì)和武警部隊(duì)108所醫(yī)院對口支援西部貧困地區(qū)縣級醫(yī)院130所，軍以下醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生單位對口幫扶鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)衛(wèi)生院（所）1283個(gè)。2009—2012年，在新疆、西藏等西部少數(shù)民族地區(qū)集中援建“八一愛民學(xué)�！�57所，解決了3萬多名學(xué)生入學(xué)問題。

Supporting scientific and technological, educational, cultural and health undertakings.

From 2011 to 2012, military academies, research institutions and specialized technical units undertook more than 200 research subjects, including national major projects and key technology R&D programs; participated in 220 projects tackling key scientific and technological problems; and transferred 180 technologies.

A total of 108 PLA and PAPF hospitals have paired up with 130 county-level hospitals in poverty-stricken areas in the western parts of the country, while medical and health units below the corps level have paired up with 1,283 clinics and health centers in towns and townships.

From 2009 to 2012, the armed forces financed and built 57 "August 1" schools, particularly in areas inhabited by ethnic minorities in the western parts of the country, such as Xinjiang and Tibet, providing schooling for over 30,000 children.

參加搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)

Participating in Emergency Rescue and Disaster Relief

中國是世界上自然災(zāi)害最為嚴(yán)重的國家之一，災(zāi)害種類多，分布地域廣，發(fā)生頻率高，給國家經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)和人民群眾生命財(cái)產(chǎn)安全帶來嚴(yán)重危害。中國武裝力量始終是搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)的突擊力量，承擔(dān)最緊急、最艱難、最危險(xiǎn)的救援任務(wù)。依據(jù)2005年頒布的《軍隊(duì)參加搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)條例》，軍隊(duì)和武警部隊(duì)主要擔(dān)負(fù)解救、轉(zhuǎn)移或者疏散受困人員，保護(hù)重要目標(biāo)安全，搶救、運(yùn)送重要物資，參加道路（橋梁、隧道）搶修、海上搜救、核生化救援、疫情控制、醫(yī)療救護(hù)等專業(yè)搶險(xiǎn)，排除或者控制其他危重險(xiǎn)情、災(zāi)情，協(xié)助地方人民政府開展災(zāi)后重建工作等任務(wù)。

China is one of the countries most vulnerable to natural disasters. With more varieties, wide distribution and high frequency, natural disasters endanger China's economic and social development as well as the lives and property of many Chinese people.

The armed forces of China have always acted as the shock force in emergency rescue and disaster relief, and always undertaken the most urgent, arduous and hazardous rescue tasks.

According to the Regulations on the PLA's Participation in Disaster Rescue promulgated in 2005, the PLA and PAPF are mainly tasked with rescuing and evacuating the trapped; ensuring the security of important facilities and areas; salvaging and transporting important materials; participating in specialized operations such as rush repairs of roads, bridges and tunnels, maritime search and rescue, NBC rescue, epidemic control, and medical aid; eliminating or controlling other major dangers and disasters; and assisting local governments in post-disaster reconstruction.

軍隊(duì)和武警部隊(duì)與各級人民政府建立完善應(yīng)對自然災(zāi)害軍地協(xié)調(diào)聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)制，建成戰(zhàn)略級移動(dòng)應(yīng)急指揮平臺，在重點(diǎn)地區(qū)預(yù)儲預(yù)置搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)急需物資器材，編制修訂團(tuán)以上部隊(duì)搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)應(yīng)急預(yù)案，組織軍地?fù)岆U(xiǎn)救災(zāi)聯(lián)訓(xùn)聯(lián)演，全面提高搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)能力。目前，已組建抗洪搶險(xiǎn)應(yīng)急部隊(duì)、地震災(zāi)害緊急救援隊(duì)、核生化應(yīng)急救援隊(duì)、空中緊急運(yùn)輸服務(wù)隊(duì)、交通電力應(yīng)急搶險(xiǎn)隊(duì)、海上應(yīng)急搜救隊(duì)、應(yīng)急機(jī)動(dòng)通信保障隊(duì)、醫(yī)療防疫救援隊(duì)、氣象保障應(yīng)急專業(yè)隊(duì)等9類5萬人的國家級應(yīng)急專業(yè)力量。各軍區(qū)會同有關(guān)�。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市），依托現(xiàn)役和預(yù)備役部隊(duì)組建4．5萬人的省級應(yīng)急專業(yè)力量。

The PLA, PAPF and people's governments at various levels have established military-civilian joint response mechanisms for natural disasters, set up a mobile command platform for emergency response at the strategic level, pre-stored and pre-positioned in key areas materials and equipment urgently needed for emergency rescue and disaster relief, worked out relevant scenarios for units at and above the regiment level, and organized joint military-civilian exercises and training, thereby enhancing their capabilities for emergency rescue and disaster relief in all respects.

So far, China has formed nine state-level professional teams, with a total membership of 50,000.

They are emergency-response teams for flood relief, earthquake rescue, NBC defense, emergency airlift, rush repair of transportation and power facilities, maritime search and rescue, mobile communications support, medical aid and epidemic prevention, and meteorological support. In collaboration with relevant provinces (autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government) and based on active and reserve forces, all MACs have joined to set up professional emergency-rescue units at the provincial level, totaling 45,000 members.

中國武裝力量在歷次重大搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)中，都發(fā)揮了生力軍和突擊隊(duì)作用。2008年，出動(dòng)126萬名官兵和民兵預(yù)備役人員抗擊南方嚴(yán)重低溫雨雪冰凍災(zāi)害，22．1萬人參加四川汶川特大地震抗震救災(zāi)。2010年，投入2．1萬人參加青海玉樹強(qiáng)烈地震抗震救災(zāi)，1．2萬人參加甘肅舟曲特大山洪泥石流災(zāi)害搶險(xiǎn)救援。2011年以來，軍隊(duì)和武警部隊(duì)共出動(dòng)兵力37萬人，各型車輛（機(jī)械）19．7萬臺次、飛機(jī)和直升機(jī)225架次，組織民兵預(yù)備役人員87萬人，參加抗洪、抗震、抗旱、防凌、防臺風(fēng)和滅火等搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)行動(dòng)，搶救轉(zhuǎn)移群眾245萬人，搶運(yùn)物資16萬噸。陸軍航空兵直升機(jī)每年出動(dòng)數(shù)百架次擔(dān)負(fù)森林和草原防火、救火任務(wù)，并實(shí)現(xiàn)常態(tài)化。

In all major emergency-rescue and disaster-relief operations, China's armed forces have always played a vital role.

In 2008, some 1.26 million officers and men as well as militia members were sent to counter the disaster of freezing weather, sleet and snowstorms in southern China, and 221,000 to participate in rescue after the devastating earthquake in Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province. In 2010, some 21,000 and 12,000 armed forces members were dispatched respectively to take part in rescue after the Yushu (Qinghai Province) earthquake and the Zhouqu (Gansu Province) mud-rock slide.

Since 2011, the PLA and PAPF have contributed a total of 370,000 servicepersons and 197,000 vehicles or other machines of various types, flown over 225 sorties (using fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters), organized 870,000 militiamen and reservists, participated in emergency-rescue and disaster-relief operations in cases of floods, earthquakes, droughts, ice jams, typhoons and fires, rescued or evacuated more than 2.45 million people, and rushed 160,000 tons of goods to disaster areas.

Every year, the army aviation flies hundreds of sorties to prevent and fight forest and grassland fires on a regular basis.

維護(hù)社會穩(wěn)定

Maintaining Social Stability

中國武裝力量依照法律法規(guī)參加維護(hù)社會秩序行動(dòng)，防范和打擊恐怖活動(dòng)。武警部隊(duì)是國家處置公共突發(fā)事件、維護(hù)社會穩(wěn)定的骨干和突擊力量。2009年8月頒布實(shí)施的《中華人民共和國人民武裝警察法》，明確了武警部隊(duì)執(zhí)行安全保衛(wèi)任務(wù)的范圍、措施和保障辦法。武警部隊(duì)構(gòu)建以機(jī)動(dòng)兵力為主體、以執(zhí)勤部隊(duì)抽組兵力為補(bǔ)充、以警種部隊(duì)和院校兵力為支援的處突維穩(wěn)力量體系，完善以國家級反恐隊(duì)、省級特勤中隊(duì)、市級特勤排、縣級應(yīng)急班為主體的四級反恐力量體系。扎實(shí)做好重大活動(dòng)安保工作，嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行現(xiàn)場警衛(wèi)、人員安檢、重要目標(biāo)守衛(wèi)、要道設(shè)卡和城市武裝巡邏等任務(wù)。2011─2012年，有效應(yīng)對和處置各類突發(fā)事件，配合公安機(jī)關(guān)成功處置多起暴力恐怖襲擊事件，參與處置劫持人質(zhì)等嚴(yán)重暴力事件68起，解救人質(zhì)62人。先后完成第26屆世界大學(xué)生夏季運(yùn)動(dòng)會、中國—亞歐博覽會、上海合作組織北京峰會等重大活動(dòng)安保任務(wù)，累計(jì)用兵160多萬人次。

In accordance with relevant laws and regulations, the armed forces of China participate in social order maintenance, and guard and fight against terrorist activities.

The PAPF is the state's backbone and shock force in handling public emergencies and maintaining social stability.

The Law of the People's Republic of China on the People's Armed Police Force, promulgated in August 2009, specifies the scope, measures and support of PAPF security missions.

With mobile PAPF troops as the mainstay, supplemented by forces pooled from routine duty units, and supported by various police forces and PAPF academies, the PAPF has established a force structure for stability maintenance and emergency response.

In addition, a counter-terrorism force structure has been set up, which consists of a counter-terrorism contingent, special-duty squadrons, special-duty platoons and emergency-response squads at state, province, municipality and county levels, respectively. Solid steps have been taken to implement strict security measures for major events, including guard duties, security checks, security of important facilities and areas, checkpoints on major roads, and armed urban patrols. From 2011 to 2012, the PAPF effectively responded to and handled various emergencies, coordinated with public security organs to successfully handle some violent and terrorist attacks, and participated in handling 68 incidents of serious violence, and rescuing 62 hostages.

Altogether contributing more than 1.6 million persons, the PAPF has provided security for such important events as the 26th Summer Universiade (Shenzhen, 2011), China-Eurasia Expo (Urumqi, 2011) and Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Beijing Summit (2012).

人民解放軍派出相關(guān)力量協(xié)助公安、武警部隊(duì)完成重大活動(dòng)安保任務(wù)。陸軍主要承擔(dān)防范恐怖活動(dòng)、核化生爆檢測、醫(yī)療救援等任務(wù)，海軍主要承擔(dān)排除水域安全隱患、防范來自海上恐怖襲擊等任務(wù)，空軍主要承擔(dān)保衛(wèi)重大活動(dòng)舉辦地和周邊地區(qū)空中安全等任務(wù)。近年來，人民解放軍先后參加北京奧運(yùn)會、國慶60周年慶典、上海世博會、廣州亞運(yùn)會等重大活動(dòng)的安保行動(dòng)，共出動(dòng)兵力14．5萬人，動(dòng)用飛機(jī)和直升機(jī)365架、艦船148艘、雷達(dá)554部。

The PLA also assists public security and PAPF forces in providing security for major events. The PLAA is mainly tasked with counter-terrorism, NBC and explosive item checks, and medical aid.

The PLAN is mainly responsible for guarding against potential maritime threats and terrorist attacks. The PLAAF is mainly charged with providing air security for major event venues and their adjacent areas. In recent years, contributing 145,000 servicepersons, 365 fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters, 148 ships and 554 sets of radar equipment, the PLA provided security for the Beijing Olympics, celebrations of the PRC's 60th founding anniversary, Shanghai World Expo and Guangzhou Asian Games.

民兵是維護(hù)社會穩(wěn)定的一支重要力量，按照法律規(guī)定協(xié)助維護(hù)社會秩序，在地方黨委、政府的統(tǒng)一部署和軍事機(jī)關(guān)的指揮下，參加治安聯(lián)防、社會管理綜合治理、重大活動(dòng)安保等行動(dòng)。每年有9萬多人執(zhí)行守護(hù)橋梁、隧道和鐵路線等任務(wù)。

The militia is an important force for maintaining social stability. It assists in the maintenance of social order in accordance with laws and regulations.

Under the unified arrangements of local CPC committees and governments as well as the guidance of corresponding military organs, the militia participates in joint defense of public security, integrated social management, and security provision for major events. Each year, more than 90,000 militiamen carry out the task of guarding bridges, tunnels and railways.

駐香港、澳門部隊(duì)是中央人民政府派駐香港、澳門特別行政區(qū)的部隊(duì)，依法履行防務(wù)職責(zé)。香港、澳門駐軍法規(guī)定，特區(qū)政府在必要時(shí)可以向中央人民政府請求駐軍協(xié)助維持社會治安和救助災(zāi)害。駐香港、澳門部隊(duì)適時(shí)組織聯(lián)合�？昭策壓湍甓妊萘�(xí)演練活動(dòng)，參與特區(qū)政府組織的海上空難搜救聯(lián)合演習(xí)，圓滿完成北京奧運(yùn)會香港賽區(qū)及香港、澳門回歸慶典活動(dòng)安保任務(wù)。

Hong Kong and Macao garrison troops are dispatched by the central government to the two special administrative regions (SARs) to perform defense duties according to law.

As stipulated by the garrison laws, the governments of Hong Kong and Macao SARs may, if necessary, request the central government for the assistance of the garrison troops in maintaining social order and providing disaster relief.

Hong Kong and Macao garrison troops organize joint air-sea patrols, conduct annual exercises and drills, and participate in joint exercises held by the SAR governments for air-sea search and rescue operations.

They succeeded in providing security for the Hong Kong venue of the Beijing Olympics (2008) and anniversary celebrations of the SARs' returning to the motherland.

V. Safeguarding Maritime Rights and Interests

中國是陸海兼?zhèn)涞拇髧�，海洋是中國�?shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要空間和資源保障，關(guān)系人民福祉，關(guān)乎國家未來。開發(fā)、利用和保護(hù)海洋，建設(shè)海洋強(qiáng)國，是國家重要發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。堅(jiān)決維護(hù)國家海洋權(quán)益，是人民解放軍的重要職責(zé)。

China is a major maritime as well as land country. The seas and oceans provide immense space and abundant resources for China's sustainable development, and thus are of vital importance to the people's wellbeing and China's future.

It is an essential national development strategy to exploit, utilize and protect the seas and oceans, and build China into a maritime power. It is an important duty for the PLA to resolutely safeguard China's maritime rights and interests.

海軍結(jié)合日常戰(zhàn)備為國家海上執(zhí)法、漁業(yè)生產(chǎn)和油氣開發(fā)等活動(dòng)提供安全保障，分別與海監(jiān)、漁政等執(zhí)法部門建立協(xié)調(diào)配合機(jī)制，建立完善軍警民聯(lián)防機(jī)制。協(xié)同地方有關(guān)部門開展海洋測繪與科學(xué)調(diào)查，建設(shè)海洋氣象監(jiān)測、衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航、無線電導(dǎo)航及助航標(biāo)志系統(tǒng)，及時(shí)發(fā)布?xì)庀蠛痛�舶航行等相關(guān)信息，建立和完善管轄海域內(nèi)的航行安全保障體系。

In combination with its routine combat readiness activities, the PLAN provides security support for China's maritime law enforcement, fisheries, and oil and gas exploitation. It has established mechanisms to coordinate and cooperate with law-enforcement organs of marine surveillance and fishery administration, as well as a joint military-police-civilian defense mechanism.

Further, the PLAN has worked in coordination with relevant local departments to conduct maritime survey and scientific investigation; build systems of maritime meteorological observation, satellite navigation, radio navigation and navigation aids; release timely weather and sea traffic information; and ensure the safe flow of traffic in sea areas of responsibility.

海軍與海監(jiān)、漁政部門多次舉行海上聯(lián)合維權(quán)執(zhí)法演習(xí)演練，不斷提高軍地海上聯(lián)合維權(quán)斗爭指揮協(xié)同和應(yīng)急處置能力。2012年10月，在東海海域舉行“東海協(xié)作—2012”海上聯(lián)合維權(quán)演習(xí)，共有11艘艦船、8架飛機(jī)參演。

Together with the marine surveillance and fishery administration departments, the PLAN has conducted joint maritime exercises and drills for protecting rights and enforcing laws, and enhanced its capabilities to coordinate command and respond to emergencies in joint military-civilian operations to safeguard maritime rights.

The "Donghai Collaboration-2012" joint exercise was held in the East China Sea in October 2012, involving 11 ships and eight planes.

公安邊防部隊(duì)作為海上重要武裝執(zhí)法力量，對發(fā)生在我國內(nèi)水、領(lǐng)海、毗連區(qū)、專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)和大陸架違反公安行政管理法律、法規(guī)、規(guī)章的違法行為或者涉嫌犯罪的行為行使管轄權(quán)。近年來，公安邊防部隊(duì)大力開展平安海區(qū)建設(shè)，加強(qiáng)北部灣海上邊界和西沙海域巡邏監(jiān)管，有效維護(hù)了海上治安穩(wěn)定。

As an important armed maritime law-enforcement body, the border public security force exercises jurisdiction over both violations of laws, rules and regulations relating to public security administration and suspected crimes committed in China's internal waters, territorial seas, contiguous zones, exclusive economic zones and continental shelf.

In recent years, the border public security force has endeavored to guarantee the security of sea areas, strengthened patrols, surveillance and management along the sea boundary in the Beibu Gulf and around the Xisha sea areas, and effectively maintained maritime public order and stability.

維護(hù)海外利益

Protecting Overseas Interests

隨著中國經(jīng)濟(jì)逐步融入世界經(jīng)濟(jì)體系，海外利益已經(jīng)成為中國國家利益的重要組成部分，海外能源資源、海上戰(zhàn)略通道以及海外公民、法人的安全問題日益凸顯。開展海上護(hù)航、撤離海外公民、應(yīng)急救援等海外行動(dòng)，成為人民解放軍維護(hù)國家利益和履行國際義務(wù)的重要方式。

With the gradual integration of China's economy into the world economic system, overseas interests have become an integral component of China's national interests.

Security issues are increasingly prominent, involving overseas energy and resources, strategic sea lines of communication (SLOCs), and Chinese nationals and legal persons overseas.

Vessel protection at sea, evacuation of Chinese nationals overseas, and emergency rescue have become important ways and means for the PLA to safeguard national interests and fulfill China's international obligations.

根據(jù)聯(lián)合國安理會有關(guān)決議并經(jīng)索馬里過渡聯(lián)邦政府同意，中國政府于2008年12月26日派遣海軍艦艇編隊(duì)赴亞丁灣、索馬里海域?qū)嵤┳o(hù)航。主要任務(wù)是保護(hù)中國航經(jīng)該海域的船舶、人員安全，保護(hù)世界糧食計(jì)劃署等國際組織運(yùn)送人道主義物資船舶的安全，并盡可能為航經(jīng)該海域的外國船舶提供安全掩護(hù)。截至2012年12月，共派出13批34艘次艦艇、28架次直升機(jī)、910名特戰(zhàn)隊(duì)員，完成532批4984艘中外船舶護(hù)航任務(wù)，其中中國大陸1510艘、香港地區(qū)940艘、臺灣地區(qū)74艘、澳門地區(qū)1艘；營救遭海盜登船襲擊的中國船舶2艘，解救被海盜追擊的中國船舶22艘。

In line with the relevant resolutions of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), and with the consent of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, the Chinese government dispatched a combined naval task force to conduct escort operations in the Gulf of Aden and waters off Somalia on December 26, 2008.

The combined Chinese task forces are mainly charged with safeguarding the security of Chinese ships and personnel traversing those waters and the security of ships delivering humanitarian supplies for the World Food Programme (WFP) and other international organizations, and sheltering passing foreign vessels as far as possible.

As of December 2012, the Chinese Navy has dispatched, in 13 task groups, 34 warships, 28 helicopters, and 910 Special Operations Force (SOF) soldiers, escorting 4,984 ships in 532 batches. Among them, 1,510 were Chinese mainland ships, 940 Hong Kong ships, 74 Taiwan ships and one Macao ship. The task forces also rescued two Chinese ships from pirates who had boarded them and 22 which were being chased by pirates.

2011年2月，利比亞局勢急劇動(dòng)蕩，在利比亞的中資機(jī)構(gòu)、企業(yè)和人員面臨重大安全威脅。中國政府組織了新中國成立以來最大規(guī)模的撤離海外公民行動(dòng)，共撤出35860人。人民解放軍派出艦艇、飛機(jī)協(xié)助在利比亞人員回國。海軍執(zhí)行亞丁灣、索馬里海域護(hù)航任務(wù)的“徐州”號導(dǎo)彈護(hù)衛(wèi)艦赴利比亞附近海域，為撤離中國受困人員的船舶提供支援和保護(hù)。空軍緊急出動(dòng)飛機(jī)4架，共飛行40架次，協(xié)助1655名受困人員（含240名尼泊爾人）從利比亞轉(zhuǎn)移至蘇丹，接運(yùn)287人從蘇丹回國。

In February 2011, the turbulent situation in Libya posed grave security threats to Chinese institutions, enterprises and nationals in that country.

The Chinese government organized the largest overseas evacuation since the founding of the PRC, and 35,860 Chinese nationals were taken home. The PLA contributed ships and aircraft to the effort. The Chinese Navy' s frigate Xuzhou, on escort mission in the Gulf of Aden and waters off Somalia at that time, sailed to the waters off Libya and provided support for ships evacuating Chinese nationals stranded there. The PLAAF sent four aircraft at short notice, flew 40 sorties, evacuated 1,655 people (including 240 Nepalese) from Libya to Sudan, and took 287 Chinese nationals from Sudan back home.

五、維護(hù)世界和平和地區(qū)穩(wěn)定

Safeguarding World Peace and Regional Stability

中國的安全和發(fā)展與世界的和平繁榮息息相關(guān)。中國武裝力量始終是維護(hù)世界和平和地區(qū)穩(wěn)定的堅(jiān)定力量，致力于同各國加強(qiáng)軍事合作、增進(jìn)軍事互信，參與地區(qū)和國際安全事務(wù)，在國際政治和安全領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮積極作用。

China's security and development are closely connected with the peace and prosperity of the world as a whole. China's armed forces have always been a staunch force upholding world peace and regional stability, and will continue to increase cooperation and mutual trust with the armed forces of other countries, participate in regional and international security affairs, and play an active role in international political and security fields.

參加聯(lián)合國維和行動(dòng)

Participating in UN Peacekeeping Operations

中國認(rèn)真履行國際責(zé)任和義務(wù)，支持并積極參加聯(lián)合國維和行動(dòng)。根據(jù)聯(lián)合國決議和中國政府與聯(lián)合國達(dá)成的協(xié)議，中國派出維和部隊(duì)和維和軍事專業(yè)人員，進(jìn)駐指定國家或地區(qū)，在聯(lián)合國主導(dǎo)下組織實(shí)施維和行動(dòng)，主要承擔(dān)監(jiān)督�；�、隔離沖突和工程、運(yùn)輸、醫(yī)療保障以及參與社會重建和人道主義援助等任務(wù)。

China earnestly fulfills its international responsibilities and obligations, and supports and actively participates in UN peacekeeping missions.

In accordance with UN resolutions as well as agreements between the Chinese government and the UN, China dispatches peacekeeping troops and specialized peacekeeping personnel to designated countries or regions, who carry out peacekeeping operations under the auspices of the UN.

They are mainly tasked with monitoring ceasefires, disengaging conflicting parties, providing engineering, transportation and medical support, and participating in social reconstruction and humanitarian assistance.

1990年，人民解放軍向聯(lián)合國中東維和任務(wù)區(qū)派遣5名軍事觀察員，首次參加聯(lián)合國維和行動(dòng)。1992年，向聯(lián)合國柬埔寨維和任務(wù)區(qū)派出400人的工程兵大隊(duì)，首次派遣成建制部隊(duì)。迄今為止，人民解放軍共參加23項(xiàng)聯(lián)合國維和行動(dòng)，累計(jì)派出維和軍事人員2．2萬人次。中國參加維和行動(dòng)的所有官兵均被授予聯(lián)合國和平勛章，有3名軍官和6名士兵在執(zhí)行維和任務(wù)中犧牲，被授予聯(lián)合國哈馬舍爾德勛章。目前，中國是聯(lián)合國安理會5個(gè)常任理事國中派遣維和軍事人員最多的國家，是聯(lián)合國115個(gè)維和出兵國中派出工兵、運(yùn)輸和醫(yī)療等保障分隊(duì)最多的國家，是繳納維和攤款最多的發(fā)展中國家。

In 1990, the PLA sent five military observers to the UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) - the first time China had taken part in UN peacekeeping missions.

In 1992, it dispatched an engineering corps of 400 officers and men to the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) - the first time China had sent an organic military unit on a peacekeeping mission.

To date, the PLA has dispatched 22,000 military personnel to 23 UN peacekeeping missions. All of them have been awarded the UN peace medals. Three officers and six soldiers have laid down their lives performing such duties and were posthumously awarded the Dag Hammarskjold medal. So far, China is the biggest troop and police contributor among the five permanent members of the UN Security Council.

It also dispatches the most numbers of troops for engineering, transportation and medical support among all the 115 contributing countries. China pays and contributes the largest share of UN peacekeeping costs among all developing countries.

截至2012年12月，人民解放軍有1842名官兵在9個(gè)聯(lián)合國任務(wù)區(qū)遂行維和任務(wù)。其中，軍事觀察員和參謀軍官78人，赴聯(lián)合國剛果（金）穩(wěn)定特派團(tuán)工兵、醫(yī)療分隊(duì)共218人，赴聯(lián)合國利比里亞特派團(tuán)工兵、運(yùn)輸和醫(yī)療分隊(duì)共558人，赴聯(lián)合國駐黎巴嫩臨時(shí)部隊(duì)工兵、醫(yī)療分隊(duì)共335人，赴聯(lián)合國南蘇丹特派團(tuán)工兵、醫(yī)療分隊(duì)共338人，赴聯(lián)合國／非盟達(dá)爾富爾特派團(tuán)工兵分隊(duì)315人。

As of December 2012, a total of 1,842 PLA officers and men are implementing peacekeeping tasks in nine UN mission areas.

Among them, 78 are military observers and staff officers, 218 are engineering and medical personnel for the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), 558 are engineering, transportation and medical personnel for the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), 335 are engineering and medical personnel for the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), 338 are engineering and medical personnel for the United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNMISS) and 315 are engineering personnel for the African Union/United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID).

中國維和部隊(duì)發(fā)揚(yáng)特別能吃苦、特別能戰(zhàn)斗、特別能奉獻(xiàn)的優(yōu)良作風(fēng)，高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)完成各項(xiàng)任務(wù)。22年來，共新建、修復(fù)道路1萬多公里、橋梁284座，排除地雷和各類未爆物9000多枚，運(yùn)送物資100萬噸，運(yùn)輸總里程1100多萬公里，接診病人12萬人次。參謀軍官和軍事觀察員在司令部工作及巡邏、監(jiān)督�；稹⒙�(lián)絡(luò)、談判等各項(xiàng)任務(wù)中表現(xiàn)出高度負(fù)責(zé)的職業(yè)精神。赴剛果（金）工兵分隊(duì)連續(xù)奮戰(zhàn)數(shù)晝夜，平整火山巖石場地1．6萬平方米。赴利比里亞運(yùn)輸分隊(duì)保障范圍輻射該國全境，成為駐利近50支聯(lián)合國維和部隊(duì)的運(yùn)輸保障中樞。中國維和部隊(duì)還為當(dāng)?shù)孛癖婁伮芳軜颉⒕S修車輛、運(yùn)送物資、送醫(yī)送藥和傳授農(nóng)業(yè)種植技術(shù)。赴黎巴嫩工兵分隊(duì)自創(chuàng)“斜十字交叉定位”掃雷法，大大提高作業(yè)安全系數(shù)和進(jìn)度，日均清排面積500平方米以上；在黎以沖突期間排除未爆炸彈3500多枚。赴蘇丹達(dá)爾富爾工兵分隊(duì)在被認(rèn)為無法打井的地方打出13眼水井。赴南蘇丹工兵分隊(duì)高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建成首個(gè)解武、復(fù)員、安置過渡培訓(xùn)中心，為當(dāng)?shù)睾推竭M(jìn)程作出積極貢獻(xiàn)。

Tough, brave and devoted, Chinese peacekeepers accomplish all their tasks in an exemplary manner.

Over the past 22 years, Chinese peacekeepers have built and repaired over 10,000 km of roads and 284 bridges, cleared over 9,000 mines and various types of unexploded ordnance (UXO), transported over one million tons of cargo across a total distance of 11 million km and treated 120,000 patients.

The staff officers and military observers have displayed a high degree of professionalism in their work at the headquarters and in the tasks of patrol, ceasefire monitoring, liaison and negotiation.

The Chinese engineering units to the Democratic Republic of the Congo worked day and night to level an area of 16,000 square meters littered with volcanic rocks.

The Chinese transportation units to Liberia have worked throughout the country and served as the transportation support center for nearly 50 peacekeeping troops there.

Chinese peacekeepers also build roads and bridges, repair vehicles and transport materials for, as well as deliver medical assistance and impart agricultural technology to local people.

The Chinese engineering units to Lebanon invented the method of "tilted cross positioning" in minesweeping, which has greatly raised the safety and efficiency of such operations.

They can now cover an average of over 500 square meters per day with this method. During the Lebanon-Israel conflict in 2006, over 3,500 unexploded bombs were defused and disposed of.

The Chinese engineering units to Darfur, Sudan, dug 13 wells in areas where well digging was deemed impossible. The Chinese engineering units to South Sudan built the first interim training center for Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) at a high standard, making a positive contribution to the local peace process.

中國維和官兵恪守聯(lián)合國維和人員行為準(zhǔn)則、交戰(zhàn)規(guī)則和駐在國法律法規(guī)，尊重當(dāng)?shù)刈诮绦叛龊惋L(fēng)俗習(xí)慣，嚴(yán)格遵守任務(wù)區(qū)規(guī)定和中國維和部隊(duì)規(guī)章制度，贏得了當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣竦男湃巍?/SPAN>

Chinese peacekeepers strictly abide by the code of personal conduct for UN peacekeepers, rules of engagement and laws of host countries. They respect local religious beliefs and customs, and conscientiously observe the mission regulations and rules for the Chinese peacekeeping troops, thereby winning trust from the local people.

國際災(zāi)難救援和人道主義援助

International Disaster Relief and Humanitarian Aid

中國武裝力量積極參加政府組織的國際災(zāi)難救援和人道主義援助，向有關(guān)受災(zāi)國提供救援物資與醫(yī)療救助，派出專業(yè)救援隊(duì)赴受災(zāi)國救援減災(zāi)，為有關(guān)國家提供掃雷援助，開展救援減災(zāi)國際交流。

China's armed forces take an active part in international disaster relief and humanitarian aid operations organized by the government. They provide relief supplies and medical aid, dispatch specialized rescue teams to disaster-stricken countries, provide mine-sweeping assistance and carry out international exchanges of rescue and disaster reduction.

2002年以來，人民解放軍已執(zhí)行國際緊急人道主義援助任務(wù)36次，向27個(gè)受災(zāi)國運(yùn)送總價(jià)值超過12．5億元人民幣的救援物資。2001年以來，由北京軍區(qū)工兵團(tuán)官兵、武警總醫(yī)院醫(yī)護(hù)人員和中國地震局專家組成的中國國際救援隊(duì)，已參加8次國際災(zāi)難救援行動(dòng)。2010年以來，人民解放軍醫(yī)療救援隊(duì)先后3次赴海地、巴基斯坦執(zhí)行國際人道主義醫(yī)學(xué)救援任務(wù)，陸軍航空兵直升機(jī)救援隊(duì)赴巴基斯坦協(xié)助抗擊洪澇災(zāi)害。

Since 2002 the PLA has undertaken 36 urgent international humanitarian aid missions, and transported relief materials worth more than RMB1.25 billion to 27 disaster-stricken countries.

Since 2001, the Chinese International Search and Rescue (CISAR) Team, composed of officers and men from the engineering regiment of the Beijing Military Area Command, medical personnel from the PAPF General Hospital and experts from the China Earthquake Administration, has participated in eight international rescue operations.

Since 2010, PLA medical assistance teams have been sent three times to Haiti and Pakistan to carry out international humanitarian medical rescue operations, and the helicopter rescue team of the army aviation has been sent to Pakistan to assist flood-relief operations there.

2011年3月，日本發(fā)生強(qiáng)震并引發(fā)海嘯，中國國際救援隊(duì)緊急赴日參與搜救工作。2011年7月，泰國發(fā)生嚴(yán)重洪澇災(zāi)害，人民解放軍空軍出動(dòng)4架飛機(jī)將中國國防部援助泰國武裝部隊(duì)的90多噸抗洪救災(zāi)物資運(yùn)抵曼谷。2011年9月，巴基斯坦發(fā)生特大洪災(zāi)，人民解放軍空軍出動(dòng)5架飛機(jī)將7000頂救災(zāi)帳篷空運(yùn)至卡拉奇，蘭州軍區(qū)派出醫(yī)療防疫救援隊(duì)赴重災(zāi)區(qū)昆瑞開展醫(yī)療救援、衛(wèi)生防疫工作。

In March 2011 a devastating earthquake and tsunami hit Japan. The CISAR rushed to Japan and participated in the search-and-rescue operations.

In July 2011 heavy floods battered Thailand. The PLAAF sent four aircraft to transport to Bangkok more than 90 tons of relief materials provided by China's Ministry of National Defense to the Thai armed forces.

In September 2011, when disastrous floods struck Pakistan, the PLAAF dispatched five aircraft to deliver 7,000 tents to Karachi, and the Lanzhou Military Area Command sent a medical-care and epidemic-prevention team to Kunri, the worst-hit area.

中國武裝力量積極開展對發(fā)展中國家的醫(yī)療服務(wù)和援助，參與國際醫(yī)療交流與合作，增進(jìn)了與各國的友誼和互信。2010—2011年，海軍“和平方舟”號醫(yī)院船先后赴亞非5國和拉美4國，執(zhí)行“和諧使命”人道主義醫(yī)療服務(wù)任務(wù)，歷時(shí)193天，航程4．2萬海里，為近5萬人提供醫(yī)療服務(wù)。近年來，人民解放軍醫(yī)療隊(duì)還結(jié)合參加人道主義醫(yī)療聯(lián)合演練，積極為加蓬、秘魯、印度尼西亞等國家的民眾提供醫(yī)療服務(wù)。

China's armed forces actively provide medical care and aid to developing countries, and participate in international medical exchanges and cooperation, thus strengthening friendship and mutual trust with them.

From 2010 to 2011, PLAN's hospital ship Peace Ark visited five countries in Asia and Africa and four countries in Latin America to provide "Harmonious Mission" humanitarian medical service. In 193 days the voyage covered 42,000 nautical miles, and nearly 50,000 people received medical services. In recent years, the PLA medical team has also provided medical service to local people in Gabon, Peru and Indonesia while participating in joint humanitarian medical drills.

中國政府高度重視地雷引發(fā)的人道主義問題，積極支持和參與國際掃雷援助活動(dòng)。1999年以來，人民解放軍通過舉辦掃雷技術(shù)培訓(xùn)班、專家現(xiàn)場指導(dǎo)、援助掃雷裝備等方式，配合國家相關(guān)部門向近40個(gè)亞洲、非洲、拉丁美洲國家提供掃雷援助，為外國培訓(xùn)掃雷技術(shù)人員400多名，指導(dǎo)掃除雷場20多萬平方米，捐贈價(jià)值約6000萬元人民幣的掃雷裝備器材。

The Chinese government attaches great importance to the solution of humanitarian problems caused by landmines.

It actively supports and participates in international de-mining efforts.

Since 1999, the PLA, in collaboration with relevant departments of the PRC government, has provided de-mining assistance to nearly 40 Asian, African and Latin American countries through offering training courses, sending experts to give on-site instruction, and donating de-mining equipment.

As a result, the PLA has trained more than 400 mine-clearance personnel for foreign countries, guided the clearance of more than 200,000 square meters of land-mine areas and donated mine-clearance equipment worth RMB 60 million.

維護(hù)國際海上通道安全

Safeguarding the Security of International SLOCs

中國海軍履行國際義務(wù)，在亞丁灣、索馬里海域開展常態(tài)化護(hù)航行動(dòng)，與多國護(hù)航力量進(jìn)行交流合作，共同維護(hù)國際海上通道安全。截至2012年12月，中國海軍護(hù)航編隊(duì)共為4艘世界糧食計(jì)劃署船舶、2455艘外國船舶提供護(hù)航，占護(hù)航船舶總數(shù)的49％。救助外國船舶4艘，接護(hù)被海盜釋放的外國船舶4艘，解救被海盜追擊的外國船舶20艘。

To fulfill China's international obligations, the Chinese navy carries out regular escort missions in the Gulf of Aden and waters off Somalia.

It conducts exchanges and cooperation with other escort forces to jointly safeguard the security of the international SLOCs.

As of December 2012, Chinese navy task groups have provided protection for four WFP ships and 2,455 foreign ships, accounting for 49% of the total of escorted ships. They helped four foreign ships, recovered four ships released from captivity and saved 20 foreign ships from pursuit by pirates.

中國海軍護(hù)航編隊(duì)在聯(lián)合護(hù)航、信息共享、協(xié)調(diào)聯(lián)絡(luò)等方面與多國海軍建立了良好的溝通機(jī)制。與俄羅斯開展聯(lián)合護(hù)航行動(dòng)，與韓國、巴基斯坦、美國海軍艦艇開展反海盜等聯(lián)合演習(xí)演練，與歐盟協(xié)調(diào)為世界糧食計(jì)劃署船舶進(jìn)行護(hù)航。與歐盟、北約、多國海上力量、韓國、日本、新加坡等護(hù)航艦艇舉行指揮官登艦互訪活動(dòng)，與荷蘭開展互派軍官駐艦考察活動(dòng)。積極參與索馬里海盜問題聯(lián)絡(luò)小組會議以及“信息共享與防止沖突”護(hù)航國際會議等國際機(jī)制。

Chinese navy escort task forces have maintained smooth communication with other navies in the areas of joint escort, information sharing, coordination and liaison.

They have conducted joint escorts with their Russian counterparts, carried out joint anti-piracy drills with naval ships of the ROK, Pakistan and the US, and coordinated with the European Union to protect WFP ships.

It has exchanged boarding visits of commanders with task forces from the EU, NATO, the Combined Maritime Forces (CMF), the ROK, Japan and Singapore. It has exchanged officers for onboard observations with the navy of the Netherlands.

China takes an active part in the conferences of the Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia (CGPCS) and "Shared Awareness and Deconfliction" (SHADE) meetings on international merchant shipping protection.

自2012年1月起，中國、印度、日本等獨(dú)立護(hù)航國家加強(qiáng)行動(dòng)協(xié)調(diào)，以季度為周期相互協(xié)調(diào)各自護(hù)航班期，實(shí)現(xiàn)護(hù)航資源的統(tǒng)籌協(xié)調(diào)，提高護(hù)航效率。中國作為首輪護(hù)航班期協(xié)調(diào)參照國，及時(shí)公布2012年第一季度護(hù)航班期，印度、日本據(jù)此調(diào)整本國護(hù)航班期計(jì)劃，形成了統(tǒng)一且間隔有序的護(hù)航班期。韓國從第四季度起加入獨(dú)立護(hù)航國家班期協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制。

Since January 2012, independent deployers such as China, India and Japan have strengthened their convoy coordination.

They have adjusted their escort schedules on a quarterly basis, optimized available assets, and thereby enhanced escort efficiency. China, as the reference country for the first round of convoy coordination, submitted its escort timetable for the first quarter of 2012 in good time.

India and Japan's escort task forces adjusted their convoy arrangements accordingly, thereby formulating a well-scheduled escort timetable. The ROK joined these efforts in the fourth quarter of 2012.

Joint Exercises and Training with Foreign Armed Forces

人民解放軍堅(jiān)持不結(jié)盟、不對抗、不針對第三方的方針和戰(zhàn)略互惠、平等參與、對等實(shí)施的原則，與外國軍隊(duì)開展多層次、多領(lǐng)域、多軍兵種的雙邊多邊聯(lián)演聯(lián)訓(xùn)。2002年以來，人民解放軍依據(jù)協(xié)議或約定與31個(gè)國家舉行了28次聯(lián)合演習(xí)、34次聯(lián)合訓(xùn)練，對于促進(jìn)政治軍事互信、維護(hù)地區(qū)安全穩(wěn)定和加強(qiáng)軍隊(duì)現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)發(fā)揮了積極作用。

In adherence to the principles of being non-aligned, non-confrontational, and not directed against any third party, as well as the guidelines of mutual benefit, equality and reciprocity, the PLA has held, together with other countries, bilateral and multilateral exercises and training featuring multiple levels, domains, services and arms.

Since 2002, the PLA has held 28 joint exercises and 34 joint training sessions with 31 countries in accordance with relevant agreements or arrangements.

This is conducive to promoting mutual trust in the political and military fields, safeguarding regional security and stability, and accelerating the PLA's modernization.

上海合作組織框架內(nèi)聯(lián)合反恐軍事演習(xí)機(jī)制化發(fā)展。中國與上合組織成員國已共同舉行9次雙邊多邊聯(lián)合軍事演習(xí)。從2005年開始，舉行具有戰(zhàn)略影響、戰(zhàn)役層次的較大規(guī)�！昂推绞姑�”系列聯(lián)合軍事演習(xí)，包括“和平使命—2005”中俄聯(lián)合軍事演習(xí)、“和平使命—2007”上合組織武裝力量聯(lián)合反恐軍事演習(xí)、“和平使命—2009”中俄聯(lián)合反恐軍事演習(xí)、“和平使命—2010”上合組織武裝力量聯(lián)合反恐軍事演習(xí)、“和平使命—2012”上合組織武裝力量聯(lián)合反恐軍事演習(xí)。演習(xí)震懾和打擊了恐怖主義、分裂主義和極端主義勢力，提高了上合組織成員國共同應(yīng)對新挑戰(zhàn)、新威脅的能力。

Joint anti-terrorism military exercises within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) have become more institutionalized.

To date, China and other SCO member states have conducted nine bilateral and multilateral military exercises.

Since 2005, they have carried out a series of "Peace Mission" joint exercises at the campaign level with strategic impact. They were the "Peace Mission-2005" China-Russia joint military exercise, "Peace Mission-2007" joint anti-terrorism military exercise by SCO members, "Peace Mission-2009" China-Russia joint anti-terrorism military exercise, "Peace Mission-2010" joint anti-terrorism military exercise by SCO members and "Peace Mission-2012" joint anti-terrorism military exercise by SCO members.

The aforementioned exercises served to warn and deter terrorist, secessionist and extremist forces. The capabilities of the SCO members are constantly being enhanced to jointly deal with new challenges and new threats.

海上聯(lián)演聯(lián)訓(xùn)不斷拓展。近年來，中國海軍連續(xù)參加在阿拉伯海由巴基斯坦舉辦的“和平—07”、“和平—09”、“和平—11”多國海上聯(lián)合演習(xí)。中俄兩國海軍以海上聯(lián)合保交作戰(zhàn)為課題，在中國黃海海域舉行“海上聯(lián)合—2012”軍事演習(xí)。中泰兩國海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)舉行“藍(lán)色突擊—2010”、“藍(lán)色突擊—2012”聯(lián)合訓(xùn)練。中國海軍結(jié)合艦艇互訪等活動(dòng)，與印度、法國、英國、澳大利亞、泰國、美國、俄羅斯、日本、新西蘭、越南等國海軍舉行通信、編隊(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)、海上補(bǔ)給、直升機(jī)互降、對海射擊、聯(lián)合護(hù)航、登臨檢查、聯(lián)合搜救、潛水等科目的雙邊或多邊海上演練。

Joint maritime exercises and training are being expanded. In recent years, the Chinese navy has taken part in the "Peace-07", "Peace-09" and "Peace-11" multinational maritime exercises hosted by Pakistan on the Arabian Sea.

The PLA and Russian navies held the "Maritime Cooperation-2012" military drill in the Yellow Sea off China's east coast focusing on joint defense of maritime traffic arteries. Chinese and Thai marine corps held the "Blue Strike-2010" and "Blue Strike-2012" joint training exercises. During mutual port calls and other activities, the Chinese navy also carried out bilateral or multilateral maritime exercises and training in such tasks as communications, formation movement, maritime replenishment, cross-deck helicopter landing, firing at surface, underwater and air targets, joint escort, boarding and inspection, joint search and rescue and diving with its counterparts from India, France, the UK, Australia, Thailand, the US, Russia, Japan, New Zealand and Vietnam.

陸軍聯(lián)合訓(xùn)練逐步深化。2007年以來，中國陸軍與外國陸軍多次舉行聯(lián)合訓(xùn)練。與印度陸軍舉行“攜手—2007”、“攜手—2008”反恐聯(lián)合訓(xùn)練，與蒙古國陸軍舉行“維和使命—2009”維和聯(lián)合訓(xùn)練，與新加坡舉行“合作—2009”、“合作—2010”安保聯(lián)合訓(xùn)練，與羅馬尼亞陸軍舉行“友誼行動(dòng)—2009”、“友誼行動(dòng)—2010”山地部隊(duì)聯(lián)合訓(xùn)練，與土耳其舉行陸軍突擊分隊(duì)聯(lián)合訓(xùn)練。中國陸軍特種部隊(duì)與泰國陸軍特種部隊(duì)舉行“突擊—2007”、“突擊—2008”和“突擊—2010”反恐聯(lián)合訓(xùn)練，與印度尼西亞特種部隊(duì)舉行“利刃—2011”、“利刃—2012”反恐聯(lián)合訓(xùn)練，與巴基斯坦特種部隊(duì)舉行“友誼—2010”、“友誼—2011”反恐聯(lián)合訓(xùn)練，與哥倫比亞特種作戰(zhàn)部隊(duì)舉行“合作—2012”反恐聯(lián)合訓(xùn)練。2012年11月，與約旦特種部隊(duì)舉行反恐聯(lián)合訓(xùn)練，與美國陸軍舉行人道主義救援減災(zāi)聯(lián)合室內(nèi)推演。

Joint army training is gradually being increased in breadth and depth.

Since 2007, the PLAA has conducted a number of joint training sessions with its counterparts of other countries.

The PLAA joined the "Hand-in-Hand 2007" and "Hand-in-Hand 2008" joint anti-terrorism training sessions with the Indian army, "Peacekeeping Mission-2009" joint peacekeeping exercise with the Mongolian army, "Cooperation-2009" and "Cooperation-2010" joint security training exercises with Singapore, "Friendship Operation-2009" and "Friendship Operation-2010" joint military training of mountain troops with the Romanian army, and joint SOF unit training with the Turkish army.

The PLAA special forces held the "Strike-2007", "Strike-2008" and "Strike-2010" joint anti-terrorism training with their Thai counterparts, "Sharp Knife-2011" and "Sharp Knife-2012" joint anti-terrorism training with their Indonesian counterparts, "Friendship-2010" and "Friendship-2011" joint anti-terrorism training with their Pakistani counterparts, and "Cooperation-2012" joint anti-terrorism training with their Colombian counterparts.

In November 2012, joint anti-terrorism training was held with the Jordanian special forces and a joint humanitarian-assistance and disaster-relief tabletop exercise with the US army.

空軍聯(lián)合訓(xùn)練取得進(jìn)展。2011年3月，中國空軍聯(lián)訓(xùn)分隊(duì)與巴基斯坦空軍舉行“雄鷹—1”聯(lián)合空戰(zhàn)訓(xùn)練。10月，中國與委內(nèi)瑞拉空降兵舉行“合作—2011”城市反恐聯(lián)合訓(xùn)練。2011年7月、2012年11月，中國與白俄羅斯空降兵分別舉行“神鷹—2011”、“神鷹—2012”聯(lián)合訓(xùn)練。

Joint air force training is also making progress. The PLAAF contingent held the "Shaheen-1" joint training of operational aerial maneuvers with its Pakistani counterpart in March 2011. China' s airborne commandos and their Venezuelan counterparts held the "Cooperation-2011" urban joint anti-terrorism training in October of the same year. China's airborne troops joined their Belarusian counterparts in the joint training code-named "Divine Eagle-2011" and "Divine Eagle-2012" respectively in July 2011 and November 2012.

衛(wèi)勤聯(lián)合訓(xùn)練穩(wěn)步開展。2009—2011年，人民解放軍醫(yī)療隊(duì)先后赴加蓬和秘魯舉行“和平天使”人道主義醫(yī)療救援聯(lián)合行動(dòng)，赴印度尼西亞參加?xùn)|盟地區(qū)論壇救災(zāi)演練。2012年10月，人民解放軍衛(wèi)勤分隊(duì)與澳大利亞、新西蘭軍隊(duì)舉行“合作精神—2012”人道主義救援減災(zāi)聯(lián)合演練。

Joint training in providing health services is being developed steadily. From 2009 to 2011, PLA medical teams held the "Peace Angel" joint operations for humanitarian medical assistance in Gabon and Peru, and participated in a disaster-relief exercise of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) in Indonesia. The PLA health service team staged a joint exercise on humanitarian assistance and disaster relief code-named "Cooperation Spirit-2012" with its counterparts of Australia and New Zealand in October 2012.

結(jié)束語

Concluding Remarks

新世紀(jì)新階段，中國武裝力量有效履行新的歷史使命，不斷提高以打贏信息化條件下局部戰(zhàn)爭能力為核心的完成多樣化軍事任務(wù)的能力，堅(jiān)決捍衛(wèi)國家主權(quán)、安全、領(lǐng)土完整，有力保障國家經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展和人民安居樂業(yè)，出色完成一系列急難險(xiǎn)重任務(wù)和重大戰(zhàn)備演訓(xùn)活動(dòng)，贏得了人民的高度信賴和贊譽(yù)。

At new stage in this new century, China's armed forces have effectively fulfilled their new historical missions and enhanced their capabilities of accomplishing diversified military tasks, the most important of which is to win local wars under informationized conditions.

They have resolutely defended national sovereignty, security and territorial integrity, strongly guaranteed national economic and social development and ensured that the people can live and work in peace and stability.

Their accomplishment of a host of urgent, difficult, dangerous and arduous tasks has been remarkable, and through their staging of major exercises and training for combat readiness they have won the full trust of and high praise from the people.

站在新的歷史起點(diǎn)上，中國武裝力量的使命崇高而神圣，責(zé)任重大而光榮。中國武裝力量將始終把維護(hù)國家主權(quán)和安全、保護(hù)人民利益放在高于一切的位置，始終把維護(hù)世界和平和促進(jìn)共同發(fā)展作為重要任務(wù)，加快推進(jìn)國防和軍隊(duì)現(xiàn)代化，積極參與國際安全合作，與各國武裝力量一道努力營造和平穩(wěn)定、平等互信、合作共贏的國際安全環(huán)境。

At this new historical starting point, China's armed forces are undertaking missions which are noble and lofty, and assuming responsibilities which are paramount and honorable.

They will constantly place above all else the protection of national sovereignty and security as well as the interests of the Chinese people.

They will persistently regard maintaining world peace and promoting common development as their important missions, and accelerate the modernization of national defense and the armed forces.

They will continue to actively participate in international security cooperation, and endeavor to foster, together with the armed forces of other countries, an international security environment of peace, stability, equality, mutual trust and win-win cooperation.